يEيCfأçü       Initializing Media      ords.  It clearly had a strong emotional impact upon those who heard it, as it did  upon me in preparing it and delivering it.  I want to reassure you     that (1) I do not intend to speak as long as I did last year, and (2) I will  not simply rehash what I said before.  I will, however, continue to speak     plainly and bluntly.  As always, the views expressed are my own, and your mileage may vary.       There are two ADAMs whose future growth I wish to      consider:  the personal ADAM and the pubFIRST DIR  پUھے BOOT       گDIRECTORY  طfuture96ATCleeAC8A  EmailADRESA$Future96A &€KeynoteA  4€AC8reportAHCHRONO-4H M€KLONDIKEH g€DESTRUCTH jBOUNTYH   mOILH      oSQUISHEMH rChristmasAuحREADMEAEFTwضBLOCKS LEFTy'BLOCKS LEFTy'nd        B.A.S.I.C. disbands and never has another meeting in my basement or anywhere else,  *I* have a lifetime of interesting things I can do with my ADAM.  During the 8  years of my ADAM career, I have amassed enough hardware and documentation,   and built myself enough tools, to do anything I can imagine with my ADAM,    independent of any of the rest of you.  This is not a desirable situation, but,   like Robinson Crusoe marooned on his desert island, I can get by on my own if I  have to.                             The Future Growth of the ADAM                             by Richard F. Drushel                        keynote address to ADAMcon VIII                           Saturday 7 September 1996       Many of you here this morning heard the keynote speech I gave last year at ADAMcon 007, entitled "The Future of the ADAM".  It was  a long speech, in many ways a difficult and painful speech, but it said       important truths that I felt desperately needed to be said, in plain, blunt wlic ADAM.  The personal ADAM is    the machine itself, its hardware and software capabilities.  The public ADAM is the international ADAM community, encompassing local user groups, national    organizations like A.N.N., and ultimately represented by yearly ADAMcons like  this one.  Both ADAMs have large possibilities for continued future growth, but significant impediments exist which must be overcome to realize this    growth.  The Personal ADAM.       If there is never another ADAMcon, if Clevela  All of you should consider adopting this               desert-island, I'm-the-last- person-on-earth mentality.  Not that I think you should all become machine- code programming gurus or hardware designers, but that you  should think about how much there is you don't know about the ADAM.  Consider  your favorite application program, be it SmartWriter or ADAMcalc or       SmartBASIC or whatever.  Just from the user end, what's in the manual and on the     SmartKey menus, do you know everything that prthese few super-experts, the loss to the ADAM    community becomes irretrievable.       I have ended up as one of these super-experts, and     it's a very uncomfortable position.  In a 2-career household, with 4    small children, there's just not enough of me to go around.  While my       private ADAM side can afford the luxury of taking several years to finish         something like ADAMserve, the public ADAM community *can't* afford it.  I'm sitting   on a mountain of technical information and doing to be ashamed of, if you use it as  a stepping-stone to learning something new.  Since each of us is ignorant about some part of the ADAM that is vital to our personal usage of the ADAM, we    should view our ignorance as an opportunity to be exploited, not an excuse  to throw up our hands and walk away.       The ADAM universe represents a nice tradeoff between   the finite and the infinite.  It's finite from the standpoint that it's "dead" commercially and thus no longer undergoing radical, fuwant to have to be the Savior (capital S) of the ADAM.      Nobody has asked me to...yet.  A Hypothesis.       I believe that a significant portion of ADAM's recent  decline is due to the loss of confidence of individual users in their ability to comprehend their own computer.  In the past, the ADAM community was    spoiled by the availability of many super-experts, very public, very       productive people who seemed to have superhuman programming or hardware skills,   people who never said "No" se who remain are increasingly precious, not only for what they have      collected (hardware and software), but also for what they have learned.  All the    individual, personal ADAMs form a collective brain, which is increasingly losing its redundancy.  That is, we're losing our backup copies of expertise, and   more and more topics have only one or two real experts.  Worse, it's a shrinking circle of a few individuals who constitute the experts for most of the      topics.  If anything happens to ogram can do?  Is there something in the manual that would help you get the job done better, if you only knew    about it?  I'll bet that there is.  And if you're stuck on a desert island,     there's nobody to tell you that it's there--except the writer of the manual, who   left the text there for you to read.       Recognition of ignorance is the first step to          attaining knowledge.  You have to know what you don't know before you can start       learning it.  Ignorance per se is not somethcumentation which is not        otherwise available and which needs to get into circulation somehow, if only so     that *I* don't have to take the time to look it up for someone else.       The public ADAM needs to reestablish information       redundancy in its collective brain.  There needs to be more people than just  me who know and/or have access to all the information I've got.  I want to     help the ADAM to survive, I want to help rescue the ADAM if it's facing      oblivion, but I *don't* ndamental changes      (like MS-DOS to Windows 3.1 to Windows 95).  It's infinite, however, in that,       within its fundamental limitations, you're free to do anything you want with it.   The statement "You can't do *that* with an ADAM!" indicates a lack of          imagination; upon reflection, it can always be replaced with, "It may not be  as *nice* as some others, but you *can* do that with an ADAM!".  The Public ADAM.       As the number of active ADAMites has steadily          declined, thoto anyone, and who saved you from having to do    the really hard things yourselves.  You couldn't understand what they were  doing, but you knew they would get results.  It was magic.  Now that these      people, the Ron Collinses and Guy Cousineaus and Tony Morehens and Solomon  Swifts and Tony Pattersons, are gone, all you remember is the magic.  You   *know* you could never learn to do what they did, so you despair;            eventually, as things break that you don't know how to fix, you quietlyanuals, etc.  This can be proofread by experts to insure accuracy (easy   once the bulk of the hard typing is done), the documents converted into modern   word processor formats, and thus immortalized.  I have all the docs, you   all have SmartWriter and a tape drive to save files--that's enough to get        started.  Everyone takes a little piece, works in parallel, and gets it all done in  less than a year, rather than one lone soul (me) doing it in dribs and drabs  over the next decade.  Here's avel.  If the individual users are motivated to stay with the ADAM for their own personal interests and hopes for         learning, the public ADAM community will take care of itself.  Without individual     users, the trappings of community are pointless.  For example, Robert's Rules of Order and parliamentary procedure are useful and necessary tools for  managing complex discussion and decision-making in an orderly fashion, but   only so long as there is valid business for an organization to discuss.sity if you're going to be an ADAMite in the    late 1990s.  Download your own copies of the files and print them out locally;    there's no need for one individual or organization to assume the cost of        printing tens of bound manuals and then hoping to sell enough to break even.  This is how A.N.N. should make its news available; A.N.N. should get out of    the disk making and mailing business.  (3)  This is very hard to say without insulting some of my  ADAM friends, and I beg their forgivennical information.  This will give users every possible opportunity to use their ADAMs to      further their own personal growth objectives, and to ultimately bring the     public ADAM community along for the ride.       I make the following specific suggestions:  (1)  Convert existing paper documentation into electronic   formats.  If you can type, you can type in text from all the bad             20th-generation photocopies of the ColecoVision and ADAM Technical Manuals, 3rd-party      hardware m withdraw and    slip away.  You aren't confident enough in yourself to even make the        attempt.  What's the use, right?  When enough individuals leave, the community        collapses from lack of support; and all the public institutions (newsletters,      BBSes, and finally ADAMcons) disappear from disuse.  A Prescription.       In order to stimulate some kind of future growth for   the ADAM, or at least to arrest its current decline, we need to restore     confidence at the personal ADAM le concrete task that *all* of you can be    confident in completing, and it's doing a great public service.  (2)  Put everything up on the Internet and World Wide Web.  Freenets are everywhere; many of you already have CompuServe or AOL or   some other Internet Service Provider (abbreviated ISP) to access the Internet.  There's no longer *ANY* excuse for each user group not to have at least one   member who has Internet access.  If you're on your own, you *NEED* to get  Internet access.  It's a neces     Similarly, ADAM organizations like user groups and A.N.N. and ADAMcons are  meaningful only if there is valid ADAM business to conduct.       The public ADAM community, such as it is, can make one last-gasp effort to jump-start the private ADAM users, in an attempt to      restore user confidence and provide some rationale for continuing to use the ADAM   at all.  I believe that this final effort should be an all-out attempt to      disseminate the large existing store of ADAM software and techess, but it needs to be said:  The era  of the BBS is *over*.  It's time for the BBSes to shut down and for       conversation to move to the Internet.  The current sparse traffic does not justify  the large expense that BBS sysops incur (extra equipment, extra electricity,  extra phone lines).  We should instead have a single ADAM-only E-mail mailing    list, and have everybody post to it through their local Freenet,           CompuServe, AOL, or other ISP.  Long-distance phone costs are more than the* part of    A.N.N., so if it fails, and the public ADAM community finally goes under, we all know who was responsible.  Conclusion.       My speech last year was a controlled rant:  "Here's    what's wrong, guys; we've messed up big time, and it looks pretty grim."  While all the wrongs I enumerated last year are still present, this year, I am at  least making some positive suggestions about how we can improve the           situation.  I believe that everything I've mentioned here this morning is a high demand for new "legal" copies.  Make a good-faith effort to find the   authors, charge a fee and put it in escrow if we must, but when push comes to shove, we're going to have to start making new copies of technically           still-copyrighted software (and reverse-engineering it to fix bugs and add             enhancements) if ADAM users are to be able to expand their software choices.  My        personal feeling is that our numbers are so small that the commercial value is       negligibl                      o if it fails, and the public ADAM community finally goes under, we all know who was responsible.  Conclusion.       My speech last year was a controlled rant:  "Here's    what's wrong, guys; we've messed up big time, and it looks pretty grim."  While all the wrongs I enumerated last year are still present, this year, I am at  least making some positive suggestions about how we can improve the           situation.  I believe that everything I've mentioned here this morning is and then sit on a shelf unused.  (6)  Make such user groups as still exist generate monthly  reports of their activities, to be put up on the Internet by A.N.N. for      general consumption.  This should stimulate the user groups to do things at their meetings which are worthy of being written up, even if it's just a few         paragraphs.  Generate some text; get busy.  (7)  Give these jobs to A.N.N. and give A.N.N. one last     chance to become a useful organization once.  Make *everybody here monthly   cost of Internet access, and are a large disincentive to regular             communication.  I salute the past and present heroic efforts of our few remaining BBS    sysops; they have served us well, and we can never fully repay them for the   services they have provided, and for their large role in keeping the ADAM      alive as long as it has been.  (4)  Formulate and implement a plan to deal with software   that has apparently been "abandoned" by its authors, yet for which still exists do-able with out great difficulty.  Whether or not it will make things better,     however, can only be determined by doing these things (or other things like      these) to the best of our abilities, in good faith, and then waiting to see what  happens.       Here's hoping that we can celebrate some successes     next summer at ADAMcon 09, and renew the health of both the private and    the public ADAMs.       Thank you.                                                                           e; and if authors are going out of their way not to be found, and     consciously choosing *not* to profit (such as can be done) from their own works, they have effectively abandoned them, and we should feel no shame in  rescuing them and putting them to our own good use.  (5)  Decide as a community what the best use of our         remaining super-experts is.  Make a prioritized list of what *you* would really use if you had the chance.  Don't waste people's time on stuff that will get a few attaboyج1 ×75      What is ADAM Still Good For?      Remarks by Rich Clee at ADAMcon VIII      Just before I left Toronto, an MTAG member told me how he had       recently bought an IBM XT with MS DOS 3.0 and WordPerfect on the       hard drive, a printer that works and suitable monitor at Goodwill       for $25.00. I wasn't surprised; recently the bargain corner in the       local classifieds offered a 386/25 for $75, while a local dealer       was offering outdated peripherals including IDE hard driveserating system (EOS7)       consumes a scant 11 kilobytes. You don't even have to disassemble       it yourself; Coleco's ADAM Technical manual contains a printout.       My CP/M assembly manual shows just 244 operating codes to which       the Z80A chip will respond. These are things the less expert and       the time-limited can unravel - just ask the Hinkles, Guy       Cousineau, Mark Gordon, Tony Morehen, Rich Drushel or the Walters       twins to name only a few among our familiar friends. (Sorr had read about       Rich Drushel's program ADAMserve and ADAM<DOS> and figured it       could be a cheap way to add a couple of disc drives and a hard disk       to his ADAM.      As we chatted further David (not his real name) made his motives       clearer. He is interested in learning a certain amount about       machine language programming, especially operating systems. For       various realistic reasons, taking a long series of demanding       university level courses is not an option for nds of his time and       comprehension. But there's more. CP/M is generally acknowledged as       the operating system from which MS DOS was derived. Though huge       advances and expansions have taken place since, the underlying       principles remain the same.  An understanding of CP/M thus still       provides an entry point. And though Intel didn't make it, the Z80A       CPU in its instruction set is fuly in the "80 Series" mainstream;       the Pentium Plus may be its great - great-great-grePower PC       chip. It's marvellous stuff, and there are people at Intel and       Motorola and IBM Houston and Microsoft who have mastered these       things - well, at least enough to work with them successfully much       of the time. But for the casual hobbyist, reviewing a disassembly       of Windows NT and relating it to the Pentium instruction set to       see what's going on calls for greater devotion than most normal       humans can muster.      By comparison, consider the ADAM. Its op at       $1.00 per pound. In fact I just picked up a Supra 14.4 external       fax modem for $20. at a garage sale. These days, all sorts of       computers generations more advanced than ADAM can be had for       little more than the asking.      Which brings up the obvious question: when computers far more       advanced can be had so easily, what is an ADAM good for now?      The same MTAG member who was telling me about his XT purchase       started me on an answer He bought the XT because hey Dale,       Big John, Bob and a dozen others I've left out). And with the       Hacker's Guide, Mel Ostler's series, Sol Swift's early writings in       Nibbles and Bits, Guy Cousineau's commented disassembly of       SmartBASIC and EOS Programming Manual, so many newsletter articles       that continue to this day, there is limitless instruction easily       available - even before one starts rounding up the vast library of       manuals for CP/M.      Thus as David needs, it fits within the bouhim; one of them       being that he really just wants to know what these things are and       fundamentally how they work. And he wants to do it using his ADAM.      Why the ADAM? The word he used was that it is "comprehensible". A       recent article I read indicated that on currently popular       operating system required over 40 quad density floppies to contain       its backup, implying it contained around 70 megabytes of code. It       will work with the instruction set of even a Pentium or at-great grand-       nephew, but the line of descent is straight and clear and the       genes are there. David now will be happy if he comes to understand       what he wants to know at the ADAM level - but he also understands       that should he ever choose to advance further, his knowledge is       transportable; his jump from CP/M on the ADAM to MS DOS 2.0 on the       XT should not be that hard.      David's situation is interesting, because his basic objective is       to learn to understsmall fortune for this accessory. It may even offer a storage       medium, usually an odd-ball size of floppy disk unique to the       machine maker and priced accordingly.      What it won't offer is ADAM full-colour screen, which even gives       you a choice of colours. If your vision is poor, you can't hook it       up to a 35" TV and have a display with letters an inch square- a       trick even a Pentium Plus is hard put to emulate, especially       within a word processing program. Sound cue      devout and delightful senior, deeply absorbed in her volunteer       work for her church. She does not want to learn anything new, not       because she is not intellectially curious (she is) but because it       would take time away from the activities that are more meaningful       in her life. Her church work involves a great deal of word       processing with minutes, letter writing and record keeping. Her       ADAM has the easiest, friendliest, most accommodating basic word       processixibly used function keys - the Smartkeys -show       their current values on the screen. There's no hunting around in       the manual every time you want to insert or delete or search;       everything is there before your eyes. Few word processing       machines, or more current computers are so accommodating.      Of course ADAM is old and crude Smartwriter lacks many important       features found in most current word processing machines and       computer programs. A spell-check program is an egram and the       printer as part of the package. It's what ADAM was really best for       then. But look at the dedicated word processors on the market       today. Yes, you can get up to 64K of memory, but it's rarely       expandable. It tends to be static: it saves your text even when       the power's turned off. This can be very convenient, until it       fills up. You may get a 25 line by 80 character display if your       eyes are good enough to read it and you're willling to spend a       and the technical aspects of computers, not a       common objective in the ADAM community these days. But it is       significant that he has chosed the ADAM as the guide for his       quest. And, as I have just outlined, the ADAM has important assets       for someone in his position, assets most other comparable older       computers don't offer. As his example illustrates, ADAM still has       a viable use in computer learning      Elsie (another pseudonym) presents an opposit case. Elsie is a s - which some of us       find invaluable and others prefer to turn off (but at least you       have the option!) are often omitted.      Working at the keyboard, a word processor usually demands that you       use a "code" or control key plus one other for most basic       functions. ADAM being a computer, it has function keys. ADAM's       difference is that eight of the function keys are labelled with       the function for which they are most frequently used, while the       other six more fleng program eer written built right into it. I'm not sure       she has even ever had to open her manual, short and simple as it       is. Thus no other computer could ever satisfy her needs as her       ADAM does; it does the job the way she wants it done and puts no       demands on her that she lacks the time to cope with. No other       commputer could serve her as well.      This bears considerable emphasis. When ADAM was first released,       the big feature was the built-in word processing proxtra, and far from       the best around. The printer may produce very impressive copy for       the sort of letter that ends "..and you will be hearing from my       attorner" but it's incredibly slow and noisy. And we'd rather not       discuss the data drive in polite company these days      But ADAM's great attraction has been that it is expandable.       Smartwriter is too limited? Get Speedywrite or any of the fine       public domain programs running under TDOS. You want an 80-column,              sound channels, but it takes a special $250. adapter card and       reconfiguring the output every time you want to do it to use it.       With aDAM it's right there in the package, just plug and play,       handy and hassle-free.      We have to face the reality that since ADAM was marketed, new and       vastly more capable computers have become available to us. They       will do all sorts of absolutely wonderful things that ADAM will       not. Our telecommunicators who want to use the Ito fit the job you want to do, quick and easy and       totally undemanding, or highly sophisticated and complex. You not       only have the choice, you have the means of changing your mind.       For those who require the complexity, there are other, though       usually more costly options. For the Elsies of this world, ADAM is       still the only choice. There is no other.      In the context of the Smartwriter display I suggested a big-screen       television for the visually impaired. Big-sclooking for a 1200. In today's world, ADAM is not the best       available tool for a very large number of computer applications.      But this progress has come at a price. Some of these new and       expanded and upgraded capabilities can only be had if there is       also an acceptance of the loss of the previous virtues. And for       those who want a machine they can intimately understand, or a word       processor that is really just a typewriter that at least works the       way typewriters ahe kind of       signals that ADAM generates. So if you want an index or title or       text somewhere on your VCR or camcorder tape, get out Powerpaint       or Paintmaster or some similar program, make up the screens you       want, plug in the VCR or camcorder and record them. If you're       really ambitious, add some music from Videotunes or a MIDI program       as background. Yes, a 486 r higher new coputer will hive you a       higher resolution picture, more than 16 colours and more than four25 line screen? Within TDOS, you can add one. You want a disk       drive? you get a choice of standard 5.25" or 3.5" drives or can       add a hard disk if you prefer. Try to find that on any dedicated       word processor no matter what it costs. You want to upgrade your       printer? I get correspondence written on ADAMs that has been       printed on dot matrix printers of various pin arrangements, ink-       jet printers and even laser printers. ADAM gives you the option -       shape the tool nternet seriously       have no option but to get a new computer that will support 28.8       kilobaud modem now and something faster in the near future.       There's a limit to the size of database or spreadsheet ADAM will       support. Though ADAM's desktop publishing ailities can be       underrated they are not in the league of, for example, a       Macintosh. Even in my own household, a demand for better graphics       capability has led us to move from an Amiga 1000 to a 500 and       we're reen televisions,       being new,  often have a special feature - they also act like a       composite monitor, so that, for instance, when you're playing a       tape in your VCR you can use a separate circuit that bypasses the       tuner and gives a better picture. Of course your ADAM has the same       output as your VCR and will plug into the same auxilliary jacks       with the same improvement in the picture. But this is a two-way       proposition - a VCR, and also a camcorder, will accept tlways should have, or who wants to title her VCR       tapes as a five-minute convenience instead of a five-hour hassle,       ADAM is still not only a good option but close to the only option.       Current computers offer incredibly competent answers to enormously       complicated demands. But ADAM and other computers of its class are       still the easiest answer for those whose first needs are       convenience and simplicity.      It is easy to forget that when the ADAM was first released, ile. Flashcard Maker and Expertype were high-       quality instructional programs, while I still meet users who would       be lost without the coaching provided by SmartLetters and Forms.       Even the programmers had a fairly decent dialect of BASIC, as they       soon demonstrated by unleashing a flood of third-party programs on       the market, some of which were and even are quite comfortably       useable.      What was ADAM good for? ADAM was, in comparative terms, cheap,       fast, dele  real one with enough speed and power to run with the business       oriented computers of the day, and if you added the expanded       memory and disk drives and CP/M it would run Wordstar and       Supercalc and Dbase II right along with the machines in the       office. For those who want to, it's still as possible today to run       a small business on the ADAM.      But - it was a family computer. So ADAM also had colour and       action. If you six year old wanted to waste half an hour zappin      But that was then; this is now. What is ADAM still good       for? Very simply: the attractions built into ADAM in 1982       haven't changed. They are not only still there, they have       been greatly enhanced by a legion of devoted fans many of       whose names adorn ADAM's Gallery of Honour. ADAM still does       what ADAM always did, just even better.      There are so few among you who are quite familiar my       personal rants on the subject, yet I will ask your       indulgence as I dsheet award. When the youngsters came home from their       introduction to computers at school, it was ADAM that offered what       is still arguably the overall best dialect of the LOGO learning       language. Smart Logo. SmartFiler and it derivatives, Address Book       with Autodialer and Recipe Filer, catered to the likliest home       applications with friendly interfaces and simple instructions       ofsetting their limited capabilities - for serious work there was       always Dbase and PCF      everyone asked "but what is the ADAM good for?". Of course back       then the context of the question was very different. It really       meant "what is the computer good for?", though the more       sophisticated business people with their pricey IBM's and Kaypros       and Osbournes, would be looking for comparative rather than       absolute answers. The answer was right on the box: the family       computer system.      But what was this supposed to mean? It had to be a computer, a     ctably expandable, well equipped with the basics, and       powerful enough to prove that whether one wanted to share files       over the phone lines, write a letter, keep a family budget, mail-       merge a Christmas letter, play an action game or do anything       everyone now knows a computer will do to make life easier       and more convenient, this was a computer that would do it.       And ADAM could do it more conveniently and comfortably than       just about anything else one could buy.g       space boogers, all you had to do was teach her to plug in the       cartridge before she turned on the power. If your impatient 15       year old - there are no patient ones needed to write out an essay       tonight for school tomorrow, there was no 600-page manual or hours       of instruction to be got through first; just press a button and       everything's there. In a world where Visicalc and Supercalc were       leading-edge sensations, it was ADAMcalc that carried off the       sprearepeat the theme here. The advances of       technology are something in which I take a continuing       delight. In the computer world, I look at the new products       on the market and will sincerely tell anyone who asks that       in my judgement, in terms of the utility delivered for the       dollars expended, the current personal computer is one of       the greatest consumer bargains in all history. But I don't       want one. Why?      The answer is quite siimple. They do not do what I wan, an       "Internet toaster" as it were that will do the job without       the hassle? And now the future product spies tell us that       indeed, after all this time, that demand is being heard,       and many of the largest commpanies in the business are       developing products to meet that specification.Ironically,       the rumour mill claims that one of the designs nearest       market is actually a gently masked modification of an Amiga       barely two years younger than our ancient ADAM. e around in       city traffic. And I have another car that will haul a       travel trailer over passes in Colorado for more that two       miles above sea level, a trick I would be loathe to try       with any far more advanced sedan built today. Simply, I       have found in the past tools that do the jobs I most need       done the way I want them done, but the advance of       technology has shifted capabilities since so no comparable       machines are available today. The market has retreateduide and objective, that computing on terms that meet       their needs and their abilities can be and should be       accessible to everyone, as it once was and, one hopes, will       be yet again.ain the same.  An understanding of CP/M thus still       provides an entry point. And though Intel didn't make it, the Z80A       CPU in its instruction set is fuly in the "80 Series" mainstream;       the Pentium Plus may be its great - great-great-grell cannot sit down at them       and make them work in basic applications in under five       minutes, and even many more sophisticated ones within an       hour.They try to be friendly - like your government. And       they are about as successful.      Yet ADAM may still enjoy a long-delayed vicarious revenge.       More and more rumblings are heard in the computer consumer       community: can't we have something less capable but less       costly: as cheap and easy to use as a kitchen appliancet to       do the way I want to do it. To draw a parallel, many of you       know that I have two cars - one a decade old, one more than       twice that. So I don't have airbags and fuel injection and       ABS braking and four-wheel drive or steering or eight-       speaker stereo. But I do have a car big enough to let a 90-       plus senior fit through the door and find a seat she can       get out of again, a trunk capacious enough to swallow a       wheelchair, and still enough agility to dodgThe day of       the easy, simple, friendly economical practical computer       for the average family may yet dawn again, and in it the       ADAM ideal may live again.      So what is ADAM still good for? Even with the advent of the       Internet toaster, there will still be those whose needs are       less, for whom the simple, friendly, self-contained ADAM       remains the best way to accomplish what they need to do.       And in the more advanced world beyond, the ADAM ideal gives       a g from       my needs, so I must stick with my yestertech if my       objectives are to be met.      This is perhaps the great tragedy of ADAM. ADAM was good       for a great number of useful applications in 1982, and       those abilities remain today. Despite many costly efforts       however, current computer technology still does not and       cannot deliver what ADAM does best: quick, simple,       undemanding yet capable computer functions at the family       level of need. A rand novice stiج1 ×62      E-Mail Addresses for ADAMCON VIII Attendees:      Name                        E-mail Address      Jean Stone                  av949@RGFN.EDU                                  jeans1@JUNO.COM      Pat Herrington              76537.1271@compuserve.com      Ron Mitchell                ronaldm@mars.ark.com                                  mitch@cgate.COM                                  70323.2267@compuserve.com      Rich Drushel                drushel@apk.net      Bob Slopsema     lunt words.  It clearly had a strong emotional impact upon those who heard it, as it did  upon me in preparing it and delivering it.  I want to reassure you     that (1) I do not intend to speak as long as I did last year, and (2) I will  not simply rehash what I said before.  I will, however, continue to speak     plainly and bluntly. As always, the views expressed are my own, and your mileage may vary.      There are two ADAMs whose future growth I wish to      consider:  the personal ADAM and theman                76702.417@compuserve.com      Helen and Joe Alford        72147.2554@compuserve.com      Jillian Arnott              jarnott@csclub.uwaterloo.caply, I       have found in the past tools that do the jobs I most need       done the way I want them done, but the advance of       technology has shifted capabilities since so no comparable       machines are available today. The market has retreatedland        B.A.S.I.C. disbands and never has another meeting in my basement or anywhere else,  *I* have a lifetime of interesting things I can do with my ADAM.  During the 8  years of my ADAM career, I have amassed enough hardware and documentation,   and built myself enough tools, to do anything I can imagine with my ADAM,    independent of any of the rest of you.  This is not a desirable situation, but,   like Robinson Crusoe marooned on his desert island, I can get by on my own if I  have to.   ج1 ×78                        The Future Growth of the ADAM                             by Richard F. Drushel                        keynote address to ADAMcon VIII                           Saturday 7 September 1996      Many of you here this morning heard the keynote speech I gave last year at ADAMcon 007, entitled "The Future of the ADAM".  It was  a long speech, in many ways a difficult and painful speech, but it said       important truths that I felt desperately needed to be said, in plain, b           72117.3003@compuserve.com      Steve Pitman                203651.2046@compuserve.com      Dale Wick                   dalew@truespectra.com      Bart Lynch                  71550,3502@compuserve.com      George Koczwara             76500.2417@compuserve.com      Herman Mason                76550.3075@compuserve.com      Jerry Vranks                71610.2413@compuserve.com      Other ADAMites not attending:      David Cobley                dcobley@qb.island.net      Rob Fried public ADAM.  The personal ADAM is    the machine itself, its hardware and software capabilities.  The public ADAM is the international ADAM community, encompassing local user groups, national    organizations like A.N.N., and ultimately represented by yearly ADAMcons like  this one.  Both ADAMs have large possibilities for continued future growth, but significant impediments exist which must be overcome to realize this    growth. The Personal ADAM.      If there is never another ADAMcon, if Cleve from       my needs, so I must stick with my yestertech if my       objectives are to be met.      This is perhaps the great tragedy of ADAM. ADAM was good       for a great number of useful applications in 1982, and       those abilities remain today. Despite many costly efforts       however, current computer technology still does not and       cannot deliver what ADAM does best: quick, simple,       undemanding yet capable computer functions at the family       level of need. A rand novice sti   All of you should consider adopting this               desert-island, I'm-the-last- person-on-earth mentality.  Not that I think you should all become machine- code programming gurus or hardware designers, but that you  should think about how much there is you don't know about the ADAM.  Consider  your favorite application program, be it SmartWriter or ADAMcalc or       SmartBASIC or whatever. Just from the user end, what's in the manual and on the     SmartKey menus, do you know everything that pr few super-experts, the loss to the ADAM    community becomes irretrievable.      I have ended up as one of these super-experts, and     it's a very uncomfortable position.  In a 2-career household, with 4    small children, there's just not enough of me to go around.  While my       private ADAM side can afford the luxury of taking several years to finish         something like ADAMserve, the public ADAM community *can't* afford it.  I'm sitting   on a mountain of technical information and documentng to be ashamed of, if you use it as  a stepping-stone to learning something new.  Since each of us is ignorant about some part of the ADAM that is vital to our personal usage of the ADAM, we    should view our ignorance as an opportunity to be exploited, not an excuse  to throw up our hands and walk away.      The ADAM universe represents a nice tradeoff between   the finite and the infinite.  It's finite from the standpoint that it's "dead" commercially and thus no longer undergoing radical, fund have to be the Savior (capital S) of the ADAM.      Nobody has asked me to...yet. A Hypothesis.      I believe that a significant portion of ADAM's recent  decline is due to the loss of confidence of individual users in their ability to comprehend their own computer.  In the past, the ADAM community was    spoiled by the availability of many super-experts, very public, very       productive people who seemed to have superhuman programming or hardware skills,   people who never said "No" to anyoneho remain are increasingly precious, not only for what they have      collected (hardware and software), but also for what they have learned.  All the    individual, personal ADAMs form a collective brain, which is increasingly losing its redundancy. That is, we're losing our backup copies of expertise, and   more and more topics have only one or two real experts.  Worse, it's a shrinking circle of a few individuals who constitute the experts for most of the      topics.  If anything happens to theseogram can do?  Is there something in the manual that would help you get the job done better, if you only knew    about it?  I'll bet that there is.  And if you're stuck on a desert island,     there's nobody to tell you that it's there--except the writer of the manual, who   left the text there for you to read.      Recognition of ignorance is the first step to          attaining knowledge.  You have to know what you don't know before you can start       learning it.  Ignorance per se is not somethiation which is not        otherwise available and which needs to get into circulation somehow, if only so     that *I* don't have to take the time to look it up for someone else.      The public ADAM needs to reestablish information       redundancy in its collective brain.  There needs to be more people than just  me who know and/or have access to all the information I've got.  I want to     help the ADAM to survive, I want to help rescue the ADAM if it's facing      oblivion, but I *don't* want toamental changes      (like MS-DOS to Windows 3.1 to Windows 95).  It's infinite, however, in that,       within its fundamental limitations, you're free to do anything you want with it.   The statement "You can't do *that* with an ADAM!" indicates a lack of          imagination; upon reflection, it can always be replaced with, "It may not be  as *nice* as some others, but you *can* do that with an ADAM!". The Public ADAM.      As the number of active ADAMites has steadily          declined, those w, and who saved you from having to do    the really hard things yourselves.  You couldn't understand what they were  doing, but you knew they would get results.  It was magic.  Now that these      people, the Ron Collinses and Guy Cousineaus and Tony Morehens and Solomon  Swifts and Tony Pattersons, are gone, all you remember is the magic.  You   *know* you could never learn to do what they did, so you despair;            eventually, as things break that you don't know how to fix, you quietly withdrawThis can be proofread by experts to insure accuracy (easy   once the bulk of the hard typing is done), the documents converted into modern   word processor formats, and thus immortalized.  I have all the docs, you   all have SmartWriter and a tape drive to save files--that's enough to get        started.  Everyone takes a little piece, works in parallel, and gets it all done in  less than a year, rather than one lone soul (me) doing it in dribs and drabs  over the next decade.  Here's a concrete task e individual users are motivated to stay with the ADAM for their own personal interests and hopes for         learning, the public ADAM community will take care of itself.  Without individual     users, the trappings of community are pointless.  For example, Robert's Rules of Order and parliamentary procedure are useful and necessary tools for  managing complex discussion and decision-making in an orderly fashion, but   only so long as there is valid business for an organization to discuss.     Similaing to be an ADAMite in the    late 1990s.  Download your own copies of the files and print them out locally;    there's no need for one individual or organization to assume the cost of        printing tens of bound manuals and then hoping to sell enough to break even.  This is how A.N.N. should make its news available; A.N.N. should get out of    the disk making and mailing business. (3)  This is very hard to say without insulting some of my  ADAM friends, and I beg their forgiveness, but it needs ation.  This will give users every possible opportunity to use their ADAMs to      further their own personal growth objectives, and to ultimately bring the     public ADAM community along for the ride.      I make the following specific suggestions: (1)  Convert existing paper documentation into electronic   formats.  If you can type, you can type in text from all the bad             20th-generation photocopies of the ColecoVision and ADAM Technical Manuals, 3rd-party      hardware manuals, etc.  and    slip away.  You aren't confident enough in yourself to even make the        attempt.  What's the use, right?  When enough individuals leave, the community        collapses from lack of support; and all the public institutions (newsletters,      BBSes, and finally ADAMcons) disappear from disuse. A Prescription.      In order to stimulate some kind of future growth for   the ADAM, or at least to arrest its current decline, we need to restore     confidence at the personal ADAM level.  If ththat *all* of you can be    confident in completing, and it's doing a great public service. (2)  Put everything up on the Internet and World Wide Web.  Freenets are everywhere; many of you already have CompuServe or AOL or   some other Internet Service Provider (abbreviated ISP) to access the Internet.  There's no longer *ANY* excuse for each user group not to have at least one   member who has Internet access.  If you're on your own, you *NEED* to get  Internet access. It's a necessity if you're gorly, ADAM organizations like user groups and A.N.N. and ADAMcons are  meaningful only if there is valid ADAM business to conduct.      The public ADAM community, such as it is, can make one last-gasp effort to jump-start the private ADAM users, in an attempt to      restore user confidence and provide some rationale for continuing to use the ADAM   at all.  I believe that this final effort should be an all-out attempt to      disseminate the large existing store of ADAM software and technical informto be said:  The era  of the BBS is *over*.  It's time for the BBSes to shut down and for       conversation to move to the Internet.  The current sparse traffic does not justify  the large expense that BBS sysops incur (extra equipment, extra electricity,  extra phone lines). We should instead have a single ADAM-only E-mail mailing    list, and have everybody post to it through their local Freenet,           CompuServe, AOL, or other ISP.  Long-distance phone costs are more than the monthly   cost of if it fails, and the public ADAM community finally goes under, we all know who was responsible. Conclusion.      My speech last year was a controlled rant:  "Here's    what's wrong, guys; we've messed up big time, and it looks pretty grim."  While all the wrongs I enumerated last year are still present, this year, I am at  least making some positive suggestions about how we can improve the           situation.  I believe that everything I've mentioned here this morning is do-able with out great  new "legal" copies.  Make a good-faith effort to find the   authors, charge a fee and put it in escrow if we must, but when push comes to shove, we're going to have to start making new copies of technically           still-copyrighted software (and reverse-engineering it to fix bugs and add             enhancements) if ADAM users are to be able to expand their software choices.  My        personal feeling is that our numbers are so small that the commercial value is       negligible; and if authors aCo impatient 15       year old - there are no patient ones needed to write out an essay       tonight for school tomorrow, there was no 600-page manual or hours       of instruction to be got through first; just press a button and       everything's there. In a world where Visicalc and Supercalc were       leading-edge sensations, it was ADAMcalc that carried off the       spreashelf unused. (6)  Make such user groups as still exist generate monthly  reports of their activities, to be put up on the Internet by A.N.N. for      general consumption. This should stimulate the user groups to do things at their meetings which are worthy of being written up, even if it's just a few         paragraphs.  Generate some text; get busy. (7)  Give these jobs to A.N.N. and give A.N.N. one last     chance to become a useful organization once.  Make *everybody here* part of    A.N.N., so Internet access, and are a large disincentive to regular             communication.  I salute the past and present heroic efforts of our few remaining BBS    sysops; they have served us well, and we can never fully repay them for the   services they have provided, and for their large role in keeping the ADAM      alive as long as it has been. (4)  Formulate and implement a plan to deal with software   that has apparently been "abandoned" by its authors, yet for which still exists a high demand fordifficulty.  Whether or not it will make things better,     however, can only be determined by doing these things (or other things like      these) to the best of our abilities, in good faith, and then waiting to see what  happens.      Here's hoping that we can celebrate some successes     next summer at ADAMcon 09, and renew the health of both the private and    the public ADAMs.      Thank you.o if it fails, and the public ADAM community finally goes under, we all know who was responsible. re going out of their way not to be found, and     consciously choosing *not* to profit (such as can be done) from their own works, they have effectively abandoned them, and we should feel no shame in  rescuing them and putting them to our own good use. (5)  Decide as a community what the best use of our         remaining super-experts is.  Make a prioritized list of what *you* would really use if you had the chance.  Don't waste people's time on stuff that will get a few attaboys and then sit on a ج1 ×74            Fellow ADAM owners, and friends:       I just want you to know that the problem I described last year is        still there. I tend to speak too softly and sometimes people can't        hear me. I've given this matter a great deal of thought, and my        conclusion is that when I'm in the company of others and I feel        perhaps a little uncomfortable, or perhaps that people are out to        get me, then I start to stammer and mumble. I guess all I'm trying        to life, being an ADAMite, it really is.       Don't get me wrong. I'm not against progress. It's a marvellous        thing and I love to watch it now and then. The results of        technological progress even find their way into my life at times.       I have an XT computer, and even a 386.       And when I get back I'm going to buy a CD ROM drive.       But it's tough being an ADAMite.       In my humble opinion, there's so much left to do, and there's not        many of us left to do it. soul by nature, it's always a difficult experience        when it happens, and it never fails to leave me trembling,        swearing, and totally miserable. I've never been one of those        people who enjoys a good argument. I'd rather have peace and        boredom in the world.       Recently there was just such an instance where I was in a store in        my newly adopted small Canadian town looking for disks for my ADAM        computer, and my Commodore computer, and my Radio Shack Comeffort stops.       There is a lot of potential left, and that's really what I want to        talk about. There is a lot of potential for users, for        programmers, for writers, and for hardware designers. I think it's        rather sad but safe to say that the last functioning ADAM will no        doubt come to rest on a shelf somewhere with most of its secrets        left intact. The computer world, moving as fast as it does, has        already passed ADAM by and has little time and patie avoided the strong urge to comment on the salesmans family lineage        and left the store, which I've discovered, has since gone backrupt.       Just as well.       This sort of thing happens all the time. I've been accused of        'tilting at windmills', failing to remain current, clinging to the        past, and not playing with a full deck. I've been laughed at,        ignored, scoffed at and satirized. Even, my own mother accuses me        of harbouring junk.       It's a tough say is that if you're having trouble hearing me, then it may        not be all my fault.            I have here something that surfaced when I was unpacking almost        the last of my wayward boxes from Ottawa.      It's a pamphlet originally put out by Coleco to advertise the        ADAM, and it says, "Command the powers of ADAM and Program your        future."       Boy, if they only knew.      Every now and again I go to war with somebody over something.         Being a gentle       You see, a few years back when Sol Swift, Guy Cousineau, and Tony        Morehen were writing programs for the ADAM, I had the idea that        ADAM's capability was being pushed pretty hard. I've since come to        wonder whether or not we've even scratched the surface of this        amazing little computer.       Speaking personally, I'm not nearly finished with my 4 ADAM's yet.        They have lots more to do, and either they or I will die off and        pass onward before the puter,        and my assorted CP/M computers. We've all been through this,        probably several times, so I won't belabour the point.       The salesman told me that they no longer stocked these obsolete        products, that the last box of double sided, double density, five        and one quarter inch disks had been on his store shelf for 2        years, and he'd long ago sent them back to the manufacturer.       I began trembling right away. It was either fight or flight, so I       nce for those        who want to move more slowly.       It's tough being an ADAMite.       We're all of us pretty familiar with the phenomenal achievements        that ADAM users working as a group have managed to bring about. We        took our little family computer far beyond what its designers        envisaged. We were fortunate enough to have the interest,        enthusiasm and hard work of some highly talented individuals, some        of whom are still here. But sadly, that momentum enda, here's what might include        under the heading of 'Untapped Potential'. Things I haven't done        yet. Some of it might be a little too technical for general        interest, but I'll toss it out anyway.       I still don't know much about how operating systems do their        thing. I'd like to find out more, and I'd like to do it through my        own investigations. If I were to thoroughly read every book I own        on CP/M, it might take me about a hundred years, but I'd fiairs in the ADAM world it seems rather ludicrous to        talk about such things, but...       Hey! I'm not playing with a full deck anyway, so what the heck. I        can talk about whatever I want.       And I think there's still some room left for a little dreaming.       So this is a personal perspective, some of the things I haven't        yet been able to do with my ADAM, and wish I could find time for,        and some of the things I know I'll never get to and that I'd be        wiin to format a disk, and to do other routine chores. I've        discovered that there is a protocol between a program application        and the operating system which says, roughly paraphrased, that the        program can take whatever system resources it requires for the job        at hand, but must return those resources that it is not using. And        it must give back control of the system to the operating system        when its task is complete. Anything else is badly behaved       Weolving a good crossword        puzzle. Regardless of the outcome, the mental excercise is always        worth the effort.       I know that that's not everybody's thing. Programming leaves most        people cold. We could easily get into a debate on that topic which        would take most of the day.  Suffice it to state the obvious, that        we each use a personal computer for different purposes. After all,        that's what makes them personal.       At any rate, if I had an ADAM aghas all but        slowed to a halt. I've even heard some claim that the party is        over, and that we should pick up our empties and go home.       Indeed... it's tough being an ADAMite.       I'd like to spend a few minutes thinking about what we haven't        done yet. There's plenty of work left all over the ADAM map        whether you want to look at hardware design, software development,        user education, product promotion, you name it. Given the current        state of affnally        know where the Transient Program Area begins, and what might        happen if I wrote some programming beyond that boundary.       When some of our leaders spoke at ADAMCON IV about EOS being        incomplete I didn't know what they meant. When Tony Morehen        referred to Speedywrite being a badly behaved program, I didn't        know why he said that. I think i do now, and I've seen other        operating system on other computers equipped with commands built        right lling to pay for.       It would be well to note at the outset that my interest in        computing is not the same as yours and that some items on my list        most certainly aren't on your list. Obviously we each have our own        strengths and motivators. For example, I love writing programs. I        don't do it very well, nor very often, but when I get time to sort        out some programming task, it provdes me with something akin to        the satisfaction that some experience in sll excuse me, I always thought Speedywrite was a good program.         So just how is it supposed to behave anyway? Obviously I still        have things left to learn.       And there's another thing I don't understand. How do ADAM        programmers put that great big ADAM on the screen at the beginning        of their programs. Oh sure, I know how to do it with PowerPaint,        but there must be some other trick they're using. It comes up so        fast. I want to know more about that. one. The technical workings of the Z-80 microprocessor and        it's related busses, support chips and memory, are at least        understandable from the standpoint that the highest quantity you        can have in any single byte is 256. When you get on to the        newfangled whizbangs, the principles are the same, but the number        of registers a programmer has to deal with goes from 8 up to 14,        and Lord knows where after that. The same happens with the        numerical quanti that there is a way of turning        Smartkeys on and off under CP/M, and it's something that even I        know how to do (I think).       But could it be that your favourite EOS program is really not an        EOS program at all?       The party isn't over until I find out about these things.       I know. Most of this stuff is not of the least concern to most        ADAM users. And that brings me to another point.       My experience with ADAM has taught me quite a bit about how pely need it, so I suppose they'll do ok.            Really though, there's so much left to do. The exciting stuff that        Chris Braymen came out with, the multi-media stuff you're seeing        around this convention is only a small glimmer of what is possible        with ADAM. I've often found it curious that nobody seems        interested in trying some of this stuff out. It's so much fun to        do.      I want to do more with Powerpaint. It was the first graphics        drawing a        picnic, and so the clam up just to remove any doubt. And this        phenomenon is not peculiar only to ADAMites. Most people who buy        computers of whatever stripe tend to be this way.       That means that those of us trying to explain these rather complex        technical subjects had better learn how to make ourselves clear,        and double clear. To this end, ADAM provides just as good a        platform as any other computer around, in fact it provides a        better       And Smartkey displays. You wouldn't belive the gymnastics I went        though in my own programs to get a reasonable looking Smartkey        display. And most of the time I ended up with something that        looked like it was pretending to be a Smartkey display. Now I know        there's a handful of programmers in this room who know how to do        it. Trade secret, maybe.       Think about this. Are your favourite EOS programs really CP/M        programs in disguise? Did you knowties you're dealing with.      There.... you see, I've lost you already. I hate it when that        happens.      The point is that ADAM can still - even in today's world, provide        basic computing knowledge to those who want it but who haven't        much money to spend. I'd like to stick around for a while to see        if there are any of these people left. In fact, I left five of        them in Ottawa, who were all ears. They'll have Guy Cousineau's        assistance when they realople        react to complex technical subjects. I've been at user group        meetings over the years where people have waxed eloquent (one of        them was me) over some chosen subject only to discover that most        people in the room understood not a word of it, and said        absolutely nothing until the very end. You know, there's something        about computers that brings out the worst in people. Nobody wants        to be seen as a technically short of enough sandwiches to make program I ever used, and initially, it was difficult to        see how I was ever going to use it for anything useful. I've since        gone on through MacDraw, MacDraw Pro, NeoPaint, Microsoft        PaintBrush, and that thing in Windows that creates bit-map files.        You know, in my estimation, PowerPaint is every bit as good as        anything else out there in terms of its ability to get a job done.        And the more I see of the other programs, the more I appreciate        what Sol get newcomers        over their fear of TDOS. There's absolutely no reason for it, and        it's hanging a lot of people up.       4) A hand held scanner interface for the ADAM. Or better yet, a        full page scanner interface. No good ANN editor should be without        one. Enough said.      5) An 80 column color display for EOS. This idea is certainly not        new. It's been on the horizon, off the horizon, in and out of view        at various times. Technologically it is possio pay for.        These are things I don't see myself developing any time soon, but        it sure would be nice if some of the more brilliant lights in the        ADAM world would wave their technological wands and make these        things available.      Things that I'd be willing to pay for.      1) An EPROM burned with TDOS to replace my Smartwriter chip. This        is already out there. Tony Morehen's ADAM booted in TDOS, and that        happened ages ago. Only trouble was, Tony kepto get most of my attention        are those that provide an 80 column display. Just my thing. I        think it looks better.      6) A means of converting IBM  .BMP images to PowerPaint screens        and vice versa. Of course, I'm assuming here that this is possible        which might be a bit of a leap, given that we'd be going from 256        colours to 16 colours in some cases. But I keep wondering, has        anybody ever studied the structure of these files? Bob Sebelist        ha for the        Commodore 64, you know what we're talking about. I know that Chris        could produce something like that, and if the ANN disks were ever        to continue, it sure would be neat to have something like that.      3) Some kind of instructional article or training package that        would alleviate the absolute fear and terror in the eyes of some        ADAMites at the mention of CP/M or TDOS. In my humble estimation,        it's about time somebody found the wherewithal to Swift gave us.       There's more yet. I have pretty much decided that I'm going to        learn Z-80 assembler, or they can mark it on my tombstone as        something outstanding for the next life.       And on that same list if Forth, Pascal, C, SmartBASIC 1.x, and        perhaps even some Fortran.      I can do it all with ADAM. I have everything I need.       I'd like to finish off in this same vain by tossing out to the        world my  'top ten list' of items I'd still be willing tble. I even have a        notion that there might be a software solution to this one. I hate        to keep referring to that other machine over there, the C64, but I        have a program for it that puts a fairly passable 80 column        display on what was meant to be a 40 column screen. It's not the        best, but it's certainly better than nothing. Could we not do the        same? (Don't answer that.) Suffice it to say that at this point,        in my place of business the computers wh changing TDOS, and        he'd have to burn a new chip with each evolution. Don't thing        there's much danger of that happening to me.       2) A real good professional looking disk magazine shell program.        Chris Braymen tossed out a challenge to me about a year and a half        ago. He described a disk magazine format that would involve music,        text, color, and the ability to scroll back and forth in a text.        If you've ever seen the Loadstar disks that are availables done some magnificent work in converting IBM clip art to make        it useable on the ADAM. Any chance we could do the same thing with        full bitmap screens?      7) A professionally prepared comprehensive ADAM Trivia program        capable of also serving as a Tutorial.  Something of a cross        between Flashcard Maker and Trivial Pursuit for the ADAM.       I like programs that present me with information and allow me to        work with it. I like colourful and imaginative screeme requirements for        this kind of data base.      So there, that's it. My top ten list. I'd pay for this stuff, and        I'd use it.       I don't know that there's much else to be said. It's a sad trait        of our technologically driven society that once something new has        arrived, we must toss asside whatever we're using and move up.        Over the years I've tried to make the point to ADAMites and anyone        else who will listen that this can be an endless climb it, at least the stuff available with        at text browser is written that way. I can access this stuff with        CP/M and TDOS, but not with ADAMLINK V. I think there would be        more ADAMites interested in the Internet if they didn't have to        figure out TDOS in order to get online. That's a rather sad        comment, but it seems to be true.      9) A conversion program to allow use of MIDI files produced by        SEQUEL with Videotunes. Chris provides conversion capability inmore bottles before we're finished.      Thank you very much.potential for users, for        programmers, for writers, and for hardware designers. I think it's        rather sad but safe to say that the last functioning ADAM will no        doubt come to rest on a shelf somewhere with most of its secrets        left intact. The computer world, moving as fast as it does, has        already passed ADAM by and has little time and patieFiler doesn't cut        it. I've used Dbase II and Dbase IV and Foxbase, and SmartFiler        just doesn't cut it. Here's another example of how the software        available for ADAM under CP/M or TDOS is just so much better than        EOS software, but that's off the point. What we need is a means of        organizing and storing information that is easy to use and as        effective and flexible as DBASE II. And again, I'm certain that        ADAM is more than capable of serving most hon layouts that        attract my attention and give me what I'm looking for at a glance.       I've never been able to design one, but I know what I like when I        see it.       8) A modem program under EOS that is capable of VT100 emulation.        If we ever want to get onto the Internet from EOS with the ADAM,        this is an absolute must. All the Unix shells I've had anything to        do with so far assume that a computer can emulate a VT100        terminal. Everything on the nef you        allow to be. In my view there is much to be learned by simply        staying put or moving more slowly.              And I keep telling people..... my pentium, when it arrives, will        be purchased at a garage sale for fifty bucks, about a quarter of        what I paid for my 386. By that time my 4 ADAMs will have given up        all their secrets, and I'll get them bronzed.      Ladies and gentlemen, the party is not yet over. I think we can        stay and crack a few         one direction, but not the other. And if you think about this for        a moment, you'll realize that this would give you full MIDI        editing with a visual music score to work with. Just like the big        boys. I can only assume that the reason this hasn't been done yet        is that it cannot be done. Otherwise Chris would have done it.        Nonetheless, I'd sure go for something like that if it was        possible.       10) A good EOS data base. Somehow or other, Smart                         ADAMCON VIII Report


ة  won'ô  borه  yoُ alى witè thه variouَ aspectَ oو thه  triً  tï چ
Elyria¬ Ohiï witè thiَ onه littlه exception®  Wheî Hermaî senô uَ چ
thه intructionَ tï thه Holidaù Inn¬ hه informeن uَ thaô iô waَ iî چ
thه  Midwaù Malى complex®   Whaô hه didn'ô telى uَ waَ  thaô  thه چ
Midwaù  Malى compleّ waَ approximatelù thه sizه oو thه  Pentagon،  چ
Wه  wandereن arounن everù corneٍ oو thaô malى foٍ eternitù beforه چ
wه spieن thه Holidaù Inî sign®   Nexô probleي waَ getoî occurreن next-Barô  "Zonker¢  Lyncè چ
hostinç ل sessioî oو telecommunicationَ Questionَ ¦ Answers®  Ah¬ چ
Mٍ Lynch¬  thinkinç thaô hه haن conquereن thه systeي bù NOش usinç چ
thه  finickù  phonه lines¬  haن videï tapeن thه wholه senariï  oî چ
modeي use®   Buô truه tï Murphy'َ Law¬  thه tapه goô eateî bù thه چ
vcr¬  Barô goô "eaten¢ bù thه attendee'َ anن hه haن tï finallù gï چ
bacë  tï  thه olن standarن anن usه thه phonه tï sho÷ ho÷  tï  geô چ
ontï  ل bulletiî boarن anن "grab¢ somه files®   ة believه iô  w Gooن  For?¢  followeن bù Ricè Drushel'َ hardwarه  sho÷  oî چ
itemَ availablه (pasô anن present© foٍ ouٍ ADAM®   Jerrù  Vranckَ چ
followeن  witè  anن introductioî tï SpeedyWrite®   Afteٍ luncè  ة چ
hosteن  ل sessioî oî telecommunications»  yoُ  guesseن  it!»  baن چ
phonه  connectionَ  iî thه hoteى suitه almosô shoô uَ  down®   Aî چ
extrل houٍ stoleî froي Franciَ Clee'َ ADAMCalم sessioî helpeن ouô چ
tremendously®   Thankَ Francis!،   Fridaù endeن witè ل cooى  raiî چ
provideن  courtesù  oو hurricanه Fran®   Fsô part،  PRIZES¬ PRIZES¬ PRIZES!!!،  Witè mù owî personaى milه چ
lonç strinç oو rafflه tickets¬  ة confirmeن mù earlieٍ mù earlieٍ چ
predictionَ  thaô ة woulن WIخ thه afghaî Jeaî Stonه donateن aَ  ل چ
dooٍ prize®  Afteٍ thaô acquistion¬ mù wifه forgavه mù  one small چ
fault, at least I think there's only one.

No÷ foٍ thه parô yoُ havه alى beeî waitinç for®  Wilى therه bه aî چ
ADAMCOخ ¹ ???؟  Oئ COURSإ !!!،  Wه alى expecô tï bه togetheٍ nexô چ
yeaٍ foٍ anotheٍ fuî filleن anن imformationaى conventioî iî sieن agaiî (iî vaiî ة چ
think©   tï  teacè  uَ  thه  fundamentalَ  oو  machinه  language®  چ
Saturdaù eveninç wه gathereن oî CompuServه foٍ ل conference¬  buô چ
sadly, we seemed to be the majority of the crowd.

Sundaù  morning¬  Roî Mitchelى gavه aî addresَ  "ADAM'َ  Untappeن چ
Potential"®   Thه morninç sessionَ includeن Ron'َ "foray's¢  iîto چ
thه  TDOس  language.......kinن oو likه French¬  aô leasô  iو  yoُ چ
happeneن tï enن uً usinç thه ADAح thaô booteن uً iî French®   Thه چ
highlighô  oو  thه conventitinç tï thaô چ
sign،  Finallù wه founن ouٍ waù OUش oو thه malى areل anن intï thه چ
servicه drivه tï thه hoteى anن checkeن iî aô thه fronô desk¬ ADAح چ
CENTRAL.  

Mٍ  Masoî  diن  ouٍ check-iî anن ل check-ouô  oو  mù  walleô  foٍ چ
souveniٍ  items®   Enougè  foٍ  thه fuî part®   Wه  attendeن  thه چ
receptioî  Thursdaù eveninç anن greeteن olن friendَ  anن  meetinç چ
ne÷ friends¬ almosô alى oو whicè werه pasô conventionَ attendees®  چ
Fridaù  morninç Ricè Cleه gavه thه keynotه addresَ ¢ Whaô iَ ADAح چ
Stilى aَ چ
thه  philosopheٍ  Roî Mitchelى whï quoteن anن remindeن uَ alى  oو چ
Murphy'َ rolه iî caseَ likه this®   Afteٍ luncè waَ scheduleن  tï چ
bه  ل  makeuً  session¬  althougè foٍ thه lifه  oو  me¬  ة  can'ô چٹremembeٍ  whaô  sessioî wه madه up¬  unlesَ ل  conglomeratioî  oو چ
everything counts as one.

Afteٍ cocktailَ iî thه hospitalitù suitه Sundaù evening¬ wه dineن چ
oî  aî eleganô meaى oو primه riâ anن bakeن scroن washeن dowî bù ل چ
champagnه toasô tï uَ alى supplieن bù thه Stone's®  No÷ comeَ thه چ
beollowinç  supper¬  mosô چ
gathereن  foٍ thه eveninç iî thه hospitalitù suitه wherه wه  werه چ
treateن tï somه demonstrationَ anن refreshmentsء oو alى types®  ء چ
sidه  note»  hurricanه Fraî gavه thه areل ل recorن 6¢ oو raiî  iî چ
thه followinç 2´ houٍ period.

Saturdaù morning'َ addresَ bù Ricè Drusheى "Futurه Growtè oو  thه چ
ADAM¢  waَ  follweن  bù Ricè Cleه hostinç ل questioî  anن  answeٍ چ
sessioî oî thه workingَ oو thه ADAح anن theî bù Paô  Herrington'َ چ
graphicَ session®   Afteٍ lunch¬ Dalه Wicë trunnù چ













                    comfortable MICHIGAN !
   
Nï datه oٍ placه establisheن yet¬  it'َ earlù yoُ know¬  buô  yoُ چ
wilى  inviteن  tï thه partù iî plentù oو time¬  sï  starô  savinç چ
those pennies now !

 

 oو thه malى areل anن intï thه چ
servicه drivه tï thه hoteى anن checkeن iî aô thه fronô desk¬ ADAح چ
CENTRAL.  

Mٍ  Masoî  diن  ouٍ check-iî anن ل check-ouô  oو  mù  walleô  foٍ چ
souveniٍ  items®   Enougè  foٍ  thه fuî part®   Wه  attendeن  thه چ
recepboard, keypad, modem, and two 5.25-inch       100KB diskdrives for US$1795. Weight: 24 pounds.  It also includes       US$1500 worth of software, including CP/M, BASIC, WordStar, and       SuperCalc.      Osborne anticipated selling 10,000 in total,but sales quickly       reached 10,000 in a single month. [9] [257.8] [203.22] [273.104]       (JUL [41] [346.99]) (nearly US$2000 worth of software [National       Computer Conference. Many features that were developed on the Alto       are    incorport‚Jےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے      A History of Computing - From the Internet      l981      February      8] [266.236]      Intel introduces the iAPX432 at the International Solid       StateCircuits Conference. MS-DOS runs for the first time on IBM's       prototype miccutive Vice       President. vice president [346.262])      + Microsoft persuades IBM to introduce its microcomputer with a       minimum of 64KB RAM. IBM had planned to only include 16KB. [346.84]            July      + Xerox announces the Xerox 820. During its development, it was       code-named The Worm. It uses the Z80 CPU, CP/M, and BASIC.The       price with a dual disk drive and display is US $3000.6.268]       [274.6] [275.54] (JUN [275.11])      + Microsoft buys all rights to DOS frome       officer at Apple Computer. Steve Jobs remains as chairman of the       board.             April      + Tim Patterson quits Seattle Computer Products, and joins       Microsoft.      + The sixth West Coast Computer Faire is held, in San Francisco,       California. [267.6] [273.104] + Adam Osborne, of Osborne Computer       Corporation, introduces the Osborne 1 Personal Business Computer       at the West Coast Computer Faire. It features a Z80A CPU, 5-inch       display, 64KB RAM, keytioî  Thursdaù eveninç anن greeteن olن friendَ  anن  meetinç چ
ne÷ friends¬ almosô alى oو whicè werه pasô conventionَ attendees®  چ
Fridaù  morninç Ricè Cleه gavه thه keynotه addresَ ¢ Whaô iَ ADAح چ
Stilى  Gooن  For?¢  followeن bù Ricè Drushel'َ hardwarه  sho÷  oî چ
itemَ availablه (pasô anن present© foٍ ouٍ ADAM®   Jerrù  Vranckَ چ
followeن  witè  anن introductioî tï SpeedyWrite®   Afteٍ luncè  ة چ
hosteن  ل sessioî oî telecommunications»  yoُ  guesseن  it!»  baن چ
phonه  connectionَ  iî thه hoteى suitه aed. At a starting price of US$16-17,000, the       Osborne 1 (image)6computer is not a commercial success.      [263.6] [274.28] [275.11] [275.56] [346.2 1] [444.492] (cost       US$50,000 [9]) (JUN [266.268]) (APR [394.242])      + Atari announces the 8KB Atari 400 is being discontinued.[273.206]            June                                                               + Microsoft reorganizes into Microsoft Incorporated, with Bill       Gates as President and Chairman, and Paul Allen as Exerocomputer.       + Intel begins shipping evaluation sets of the iAPX432       microprocessor. Performance is claimed as 2 MIPS.      + Curt and Kathy Preston open the Byte Shop in Milwaukee,       Wisconsin. [267.138]      + Mattel test-markets the keyboard component of the Intellivision       in Fresno, California. [268.48] March      + Sinclair unveils the ZX81, based on the Z80A microprocessor,for       under US$200. [198.vii]      + Mike Markkula takes over as president and chief executiv Seattle Computer Products,       and the name MS-DOS is adopted.      + IBM introduces its first desktop computer, the Datamaster.  It       uses a 16-bit 8086, and is a dedicated data processing machine.      +The first IBM PCs roll off the assembly lines. Mike Scott resigns       from Apple Computer.      August IBM announces the IBM 5150 PC Personal Computer, featuring       4.77-MHz Intel 8088 CPU, 64KB RAM, 40KB ROM, one 5.25 inch floppy       drive, and PC-DOS 1.0 (Microsoft's MS-DOS), fo          November                                                                 Apple Computer      Timeline of Microcomputers (1981-1983) (p10 Ashton-Tate ships       dBASE II, the early industry-standard database program. [41] (JAN       [346.261]      )Microsoft, Incorporated becomes Microsoft Corporation.  [346.262]            December                                                           + Intel ships the 8087 math coprocessor.       + Sinclair Research reports that it has shiption with 16 colors.      Quote from Tandy president John Roach, regarding IBM's entry into       the microcomputer field: "I don't think it's that significant".        [346.87]      Apple Computer runs a full-page ad in the Wall Street Journal with       a headline that reads "Welcome IBM.  Seriously.".[346.87]      + Vector Graphic makes its first public stock offering of US $13       million. [202.212]        September      + Microsoft begins work on a graphical user interface for MS-DOS,  month unknown)            + Toshiba demonstrates its T200 and T250 systems.              (month unknown)      Rockwell International ceases production of bubble-memory products       for the microcomputer market.      (month nknown)      + W.H. Sim founds Creative Technology in Singapore.  [221]       (month unknown)      + Hayes Microcomputer Products advertises the Smartmodem 300,       which becomes the industry standard.                                     (month unknown)      + Astrov Show is held, in London       England.  [278.118]      Sinclair Research and W H Smith sign an agreement for W H Smith to       sell the ZX-81 in i s retail stores in England, fora trial 1 year       period. [285.93]      Acorn Computer Ltd.  introduces the BBC Microcomputer System. It       features a 6502A CPU, up to 48 KB RAM, 73 key keyboard,and 16       color graphics.      [278.120]            October      + The ZX81 is introduced to the American market, for US$150.        [201.vi]  r US$3000.  A fully       loaded version with color raphics cost US $6000.      The plunge of IBM into the micr  ocomputer market legitimized the       industry for the rest of the world. This also established the       preeminence of the Intel 8086-family and the Microsoft MS-DOS       operating system.      Microsoft8[123] [146] [202.205] [205.28] [266.276] [277.14]       [288.192]346.86] [389.28] [415.48] [443.50]      IBM announces the CGA graphics card for the PC, giving 640x200       resoluped 250,000 ZX81       personal computers. [394.418]      + National Semiconductor announces the 32000 chip, the       firstcommercial 32-bit microprocessor. The 32000 family includes       CPUs and peripheral chips.       (month unknown)      + (late fall) Apple Computer officially reintroduces the AppleIII,       with improved software and a hard disk.      (month unknown)      + Bally licenses Commodore to manufacture its arcade games into          cartridges for the VIC-20. [279.6]      (     initially called Interface Manager, because it would effectively       hide the interface between programs and devices like printers and       video cards.      + Osborne Computer Company has its first US$1 million sales month.       [266.263]      + Apple Computer introduces its first hard drive, the 5MB ProFile,       for US $3500.      + IBM begins shipping the IBM PC, ahead of schedule, something       unheard of in the microcomputer industry.      + The Fourth Personal Computer Worldision releases the Bally Computer System. [292]            (month unknown)      + College professor James Clark found Silicon Graphics,       Incorporated.      (month unknown)        Hayes Microcomputers Products' employee, Dale Heatherington,       develops the +++ escape sequence for modems.            (month unknown)      + APF introduces the Imagination Machine II a      the 1981 Winter Hayes Microcomputer Products3 Consumer Electronics       Show. It features a 6800 CPU, 27KB RAM,tw and description) o Commodore 64 (image and       specs)      + Commodore introduces the 16K SuperVIC.       [285.66]      Cmmodore introduces the VIC Modem, a 300 baud cartridge modem for       US$110.      [285.66]       Texas Instruments introduces a peripheral expansion unit       forMicrosoft6the TI-99/4, for US$250.      Astrovision introduces the Z Grass-32 personal computer add-onto       the Astro Professional Arcade, for US$600. It uses a Z-80CPU.      [285.66]      + Toshiba ATecmar introduces 20 add-on peripherals for the IBM       PC, the first such third-party developer.      (month unknown) +           Texas Instruments nts announces that it is getting out of the       magnetic bubble memory market.Apple Computer prohibits mailorder       sales of Apple computers,claiming there is no provision for       customer education orservices.      1982      January      + The US Justice Department throws out the antitrust lawsuit filed       against IBM 13 years ago.The    side, US$250.            [285.67]      + Atari begins shipping all Atari 800 units with GTIA       graphicschips, allowing three more graphics modes than       previously.[286.200]      Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Model 16. It uses a 16-bit          Motorola MC68000 microprocessor, a Z-80 microprocessor, 8-inch       floppy drives, and optional 8-MB hard drive.       [286.216] [393.40] Toshiba 7      + Radio Shack introduces the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, Model    PC2,       for US$28had agreed to manufactur.      [346.56]      Commodore announces the Commodore 64 (6510, 64 KB RAM , 20 KB ROM       with Microsoft BASIC, custom sound, color graphics, forUS $600)       for US$595. During 1983, the price drops to US$200. It becomes the       best selling computer of all time, with estimated sales of 17-22       million units. It is the first personal computer with an       integrated sound synthesizer chip.      [9] [190.81] [285.64] (JUN [405.61])      o Commodore 64 (imageo 5.25 inch disk drives,       built-in cassette drive, 53-keykeyboard, and 32x16 character       display caability for US$1600.         [275.38]            (month unknown)      + Vector Graphic Inc. unveils the first personal computer witha       built-in hard disk drive, for US$7950. [258.208]            (month unknown)      + Tandy Corporation sues Personal Microcomputers nc. forcopyright       (  infringement on the design of the TRS-80. [258.208]      (month unknown)      + At COMDEX, merica previews its first personal computer, the Model       T-100. It uses a Z-80A, a flat panel LCD display, and supports up       t o 32KB RAM and 32KB ROM in cartridges.      In the first 10 months of sale, 250,000 Sinclair ZX81       microcomputers have been delivered.      [281.6]      + Sharp introduces the Sharp PC-1500 Hand Held Personal Computer.        It comes with 16KB ROM, and 3.5KB RAM. Price for computer is       US$300. Price for tiny color graphics printer that attaches to the    1982 Winter Consumer Electronics Show       is held in Las  Vegas, Nevada. [285.64] [395.106]      + Commodore introduces the Commodore Ultimax, for US$150.Texas       Instruments5         [285.64]      + Kazuhiko Nishi, Mocrosoft's representative in Japan, shows Bill       Gates a drawing of a prototype for a portable computer, using a       new liquid crystal display developed by Hitachi. Gates and Nishi       begin designing the detais of the computer, which Kyocera       Corporation in Japan 0. It uses a 1.3-MHz 8-bit microprocessor, andhas a       26character display, with upper and lower case       characters.       It comes with 16KB ROM, and 2.6KB RAM, expandable to 16KB. An       optional 4-color printer attaches to the side.      [286.216] [393.41]      + Davong Systems Incorporated is formed. [287.11]    Casio       introduces the FX-9000P microcomputer. It uses a2.75-MHz       processor, 12KB ROM  4KB RAM (expandable to 32KB),    built-in       32x16 character (256x128 graphic to market the computer.      [346.56]      + IBM first offers CP/M-86 for the IBM PC.      [346.90]      IBM20      May      Future Computing Inc. quote: "CP/M 2.2 is extremely important, and       the Z80 chip will live forever because of it."[9]      + Vector Graphic hires Frederick Snow as new president and CEO.      [202.213]      + Microsoft releases MS-DOS 1.1 to IBM, for the IBM PC. Itsupports       320KB double-sided floppy disk drives. Microsoft    also releases       MS-DOS 1. all former senior managers of Texas       Instruments.      + Intel introduces the 80286 microprocessor. It uses a 16-bitdata       bus, 134,000 transistors, and offers protected mode operation.        Initial price is US$360. It can access 16 MB of memory.                  o Intel 286 microprocessor (image and description)             + Sun Microsystems is founded.                                           March      Microsoft releases FORTRAN for MS-DOS.      + Coprocessors Inc. introduces sing       Star". It is later introduced as the QX-10.      + Coleco announces the ColecoVision video game system.      [292]            o Coleco Vision (image and description)      Sony Electronics demonstrate its 3.5 inch microfloppy disk system.      The first IBM PC clone, the MPC, is released by Columbia       DataProducts.      + Olivetti introduces the M20 microcomputer, with Z8001processor.            [405.60]      Epson America, Inc. announces the HX-20 (HC-20 in Japan), a       nB processoron a       plug-in card), allowing the IBM PC to run standard CP/M programs.       Price: US$600.      [46.93])      April      Mitch Kapor founds Lotus Development Corporation.            [346.262]       + Microsoft establishes a subsidiary company in England.      [346.262]      Eight months after the introduction of the IBM PC, 50,000    units       have been sold.      + Kazuhiko Nishi shows a prototype portable computer toTandy/Radio       Shack. Tandy makes a committments) monochrome monitor, for       US$1200.  [395.106]      + The Tabor company is established, for creating disk drives.      [444.74]      Epson introduces the KX-1 desktop computer in Japan.      [395.120]      February      + IBM splits its Personal Computer development team into       threegroups: one to work on the PC XT, one to develop the       PCjr,Epson8    and one to start work on the PC AT.      + Compaq Computer Corporation is founded by Rod Canion, Jim       Harris, and Bill Murto,25, similar to 1.1 but forIBM-compatible computers.      Digital Research eleases the MP/M II v2.1 operating system.      444.194      Timex Computer Corp. and Sinclair Research Ltd.  announce an       agreement for Timex to market a 2KB version of the ZX81 as the       Timex/Sinclair 1000.      [201.vi] (APR [288.10])      June + The National Computer Conference is held in Houston, Texas.      Microsoft 1         [339.22] [405.58]      + Epson shows a working prototype computer called the "Rithe 88-Card, a plug-in card for the       Apple II, with 64KB RAM and an Intel 8088 microprocessor.       + Non-Linear Systems introduces the Kaycomp II for US$1800.      It    features dual 5.25-inch floppy drives, Z-80 processor,       CP/M,and a 9-inch 80-column monochrome screen. [396.16] Compaq       Computer9  + Xebec introduces a 5MB hard disk and contro      ler kit for  Apple or CP/M computers, for US$1300.                  [396.16]      + Xedex Corp. introduces the Baby Blue card (a Z80otebook-sized computer. It weighs only 3 pounds, and is reported       to run on internal batteries for up to 50 hours.  Itincludes 16KB       RAM, 32KB ROM, a full-size keyboard, builtinprinter, and 20x4       character LCD screen.      (1981 NOV [9])       + Cromemco Inc. announces the C-10 personal computer. It uses       a4MHz Z-80A, 64KB RAM, and 80x25 screen, for US$1000.            [289.156] Epson2       + Wang Labratories Ltd. introduces the Wang Professional       Computer, for US$200splaying       the evolution of computer technology, is       incorporated.      + Timex Computer Corp. begins selling the Timex Sinclair 1000       through over 1000 Timex retail outlets. [288.10]      o Timex Sinclair 1000 (JPEG image)       Apple Computer releases the Apple Dot Matrix Printer, for US$700.       It is a modified C.Itoh printer.            August                                                             + Microsoft releases Multiplan for the Apple II and the Osborne I.     roduces the B128 microcomputer.        It features 128KB RAM, 40KB ROM, 6509 CPU,  5.25 inch floppy       drive, 3-voice sound chip, cartridge slot, and an 80 column green       screen, for US$1700.            [289.162]       [405.543]      + Commodore Business Machines introduces the P128microcomputer. It       features 128KB RAM, TV connector, 40x25    16-color display, and       320x200 graphics, for US$1000.       [289.162]      + Lobo Drives International introduces the Lobo MAX-80 persoatted capacity on a 5.25-inch drive.      [444.80]      Lotus Development announces the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet program at       Comdex in Las Vegas.       + VisiCorp announces the VisiOn graphical user interface at the       Fall 1982 Comdex.      [346.176]            October IBM begins marketing Microsoft Multiplan for the IBM       PC.      [346.109]      November      Compaq Computer introduces the Compaq Portable PC: 4.77MHz8088,       128KB RAM, 9-inch monochrome monitor, one 320KB       + Intel announces the 80186 microprocessor.      + Digital Equipment announces the dual-processor Rainbow 100.  It       incorporates both Zilog Z-80 and Intel 8088 processors, allowing       it to run CP/M as well  as CP/M-86 or MS-DOS. Prices start at      US$3000.      8088 [289.272]) (MAR [396.20])      July      + Bill Gates hires James Towne, a manager from Tektronix, as first       president of Microsoft.      Toshiba4      + Boston's Computer Museum, devoted to documenting and  di0.      [289.157]      + Commodore Business Machines Inc. introduces the Commodore Max       Machine. It has 16-color 40x25 screen capability, for US$180.      [289.162]      Commodore Business Machines introduces the BX256 16-bit       multiprocessor professional microcomputer. It includes 256KB RAM,       Intel 8088 for CP/M-86, 6509 CPU, 80-column B/W monitor,builtin       dual disk drives, and 3-voice sound for US$3000.             [289.162] [45.60]      + Commodore Business Machines int + Hercules announces the Hercules Graphics Card (HGC or HGA),with       monochrome graphics at 720x348 resolution.            September      Iomega begins production of the Alpha 10, a 10MB 8-inch        floppy disk drive using Bernoulli technology.      [444.78]      Timex Sinclair 1000      (JPEG image)            5 On-Line Systems changes its name to Sierra On-Line.      [353.362]       November      + Drivetec announces the Drivetec 320 Superminifloppy,       offering3.33MB unformnal       Intel3 computer. It features a 5-MHz Z80 processor, 64KB       RAM,serial/parallel ports, interfaces for 5.25-inch and 8inch       floppy drives, hard drive interface, TRS-80 bus slot, CP/M,       optional LDOS for TRS-80 emulation, monochrome graphics, and       keyboard, for US$800-1000.            [289.164] [446.390]            Altos Computer Systems announces the ACS8600.            [289.164]            + Toshiba America introducess its Toshiba T100 personal       computer.Lotus Development6       5.25-inch disk drive, price US$3000.      [346.263] (JAN 1983 [47] [203.23] [346.95]) (MAR 1983 [41])      + Satellite Software International introduces the WordPerfectword       processing program.      [330.108]      December      + Tabor demonstrates a 3.25-inch floppy disk drive, the Model       TC500 Drivette. Unformatted capacity is up to 500KB on a single       side.      [444.72]        + Commodore has shipped 750,000 VIC-20 computers by the end of       1] [338.82] [446.92]      o GCE/Milton-Bradley Vectrex      (image and description)      (month unknown)      + Matsushita introduces the National Mybrain 3000 microcomputer.        It features an 8088 processor, 96KB RAM, 32KB video RAM, 640x400       graphics, choice of 3-inch, 5.25-inch, and8-inch floppy drives,       and operates MS-DOS and CP/M-86.       [447.110]            (month unknown)                                                    + Mitsubishi introduces the Multi 16 microcom     It houses two 3-inch floppy drives designed by       Hitachi/Matsushita/Maxell. Price is US$800, without a controller       card.      [444.70]      + Satellite Software International ships WordPerfect 2.0 forDOS,       for US$500.      [330.108]      The IEEE Standards Board passes the IEEE 696/S-100 bus standard.            [443.278]      + Digital Research announces CP/M+.            [443.431]      Apple Computer becomes the first personal computer company to       reach US$1                                                  + Toshiba introduces the Tosbac UX-300. It features a Toshiba       88000 processor, 512KB RAM, 1MB 8-inch floppy drive, 10MB hard       drive, and runs Unix, for US$9300. [447.113]             (month unknown)      + NEC introduces the Advanced Personal Computer (N5200 in          Japan). It features a 5-MHz NEC PD8086 microprocessor, singleor       dual 1.2MB 8-inch disk drives, 128KB RAM, monochrome orcolor 12-       inch monitor, 80x25 text, 6 program IBM for       testing  and marketing for the IBM PC.ummer) Microsoft receives       its first Macintosh prototype   from Apple, for use in developing       software for the machine.      [346.149]            (month unknown) Microsoft 9                                          + (late) General Consumer Electronics introduces the Vectrex,the       first home gaming system with a built-in 9-inch monochrome vector       monitor. It uses a Motorola 68A09 processor. Price: US$200.      [292982. [444.494]       + Apple Computer has shipped 600,000 Apple II  computers by the       end of 1982.      + Timex has hipped 600,000 Timex/Sinclair 1000 computers bythe end       of 1982.      + Texas Instruments has shipped 575,000 TI 99/4 computers bythe       end of 1982.Apple Computer ships 300,000 computers duing the year.       [444.493] Apple Computer7            + IBM ships 150,000 computers duing the year.      + Amdek releases the Amdisk-3 Micro-Floppy-disk Cartridge system.   puter. It featuresan       808 processor, 128KB RAM, 640x400 graphics, 300KB 5.25-inch       floppy, and CP/M-86.      [447.112]      GCE/Milton-Bradley Vectrex (image and description)      30      (month unknown)      + Toshiba introduces the Pasopia 16 (T300 in the United States).       It features an 8088 processor, optional 8087 mathcoprocessor,       192KB RAM, 4KB ROM, MS-DOS, 320KB 5.25inchfloppy, and up to       640x560 graphics.             [447.113]            (month unknwn)    billion in annual sales.                                            (month unknown)                                                     + (spring) Microsoft releases GW-BASIC, with advanced graphics       capabilities.      (month unknown)            IBM 8 (spring) Microsoft releases Microsof COBOL for MS-DOS.         [346.262]      (month unknown)      (spring) IBM releases Digital Research's CP/M-86 for the IBM PC.      (month unknown)      (spring) Microsoft ships its Multiplan spreadsheet40x475 graphics, and NEC 1 supports       CP/M-86 or MS-DOS.           (month unknown)      + NEC introduces the NEC PC-9800. It features an Intel 8086       microprocessor, 128KB RAM, 96KB ROM with NBASIC-86,       640x400graphics, various floppy drives, and MS-DOS or CP/M-86.            [447.113]            (month unknown)      + Hitachi introduces the BASIC Master 16000 microcomputer.  It       features an Intel 8088 microprocessor, MS-DOS, 320 KB RAM, 640x400       graphics, and two 3 and description) o Commodore 64 (image and       specs)      + Commodore introduces the 16K SuperVIC.       [285.66]      Cmmodore introduces the VIC Modem, a 300 baud cartridge modem for       US$110.      [285.66]       Texas Instruments introduces a peripheral expansion unit       forMicrosoft6the TI-99/4, for US$250.      Astrovision introduces the Z Grass-32 personal computer add-onto       the Astro Professional Arcade, for US$600. It uses a Z-80CPU.      [285.66]      + Toshiba A microcomputer. It features an Intel8086       microprocessor, Intel 8087 math coprocessor, Zilog Z80A       microprocessor, 640x400 graphics, dual floppy drives, and support       of various operating systems.      Anritsu introduces the Anritsu Packet II microcomputer. Itfeatures       a Motorola 68000 microprocessor, two 150KB 5.25-inchIntel3floppy       drives, and 256KB RAM.Matsushita introduces the National JR-200       personal computer.It features a 6802 mico-processor, 16KB ROM, and       ere's still time to teach your ADAM a new trick or two***        KLONDIKE IS HERE!  ***      It's all the fun and challenge of your favorite card game, played       on your trusty friend, ADAM.           KLONDIKE is an easy to learn, easy to use game.  It will       challengeyour mind, not your reflexes.     KLONDIKE is a total       package.  complete with personal set-up features.And compatibility       with all ADAM computer systems, from base to trick.     KLONDIKE       has all the High-Res.Microsoft BASIC, custom sound, color graphics, forUS $600)       for US$595. During 1983, the price drops to US$200. It becomes the       best selling computer of all time, with estimated sales of 17-22       million units. It is the first personal computer with an       integrated sound synthesizer chip.      [9] [190.81] [285.64] (JUN [405.61])      o Commodore 64 (image20KB 5.25-inch floppy drives.            [447.114]      (month unknown)      + Hitachi introduces the PT-1 Personal Terminal It features MSDOS,       720x520 graphics, and two 1MB 8-inch floppy drives.            NEC2[447.114]      Sanyo introduces the MBC-55 microcomputer. It features an Intel       8088 microprocessor, 160KB 5.25inch floppy drive, 64KBRAM,       optional Intel 8087 math co-processor, and choice of CP/M-86,       Concurrent CP/M-86, or MS-DOS.      Sord introduces the M-343‚Kےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے      12:11 PM      From 71610.2413@CompuServe.COM      Tue Jul 16 12:06:32 1996      Date: 13 Jul 96 13:22:18 EDT      From: Jerry Vrancks <71610.2413@CompuServe.COM>      To: ronaldm@mars.ark.com      Subject: For ANN      July 5,1996      Th32KB RAM.       [447.124]      [447.124]            (month unknown)      + Matsushita introduces the Tomy 16-bit Graphics Computer.  It       features a TMS 9995 microprocessor.      [447.124]      (month unknown)      + Sord introduces the M5 microcomputer. It features a Zilog Z80A       microprocessor, 8KB ROM, 4KB RAM, and 16KB graphics RAM.      [447.124]      (month unknown)      + Sanyo introduces the PHC-25 microcomputer. It features 24KB ROM       with BASIC, and 22KB RAM.  graphics, Sprites, Clips,and Sound that you       would expect.     Plus, it offers these high-level features,       seldom found in ADAM software: Intuitive, Point and Click Graphic       User Interface.  Dialog Cards.     Background Music, TV/Monitor or       MIDI MITE [(c) Bonafide Systems]       Also, you'll get the show.  Unlike its PC counterpart,KLONDIKE       lets you see and hear the action: Shuffling the deck,dealing the       cards, and lots more.     KLONDIKE only requires a base ADAM     exchanging occasional messages with him via Internet. He's a       resident of California.      ---------------------------------------------------------------      Product Review: Destructor      by Joe Blenkle      Product: Destructor      Manufacturer: Coleco      Requirements: Colecovision/ADAM, Driving Module      Media: Cartridge      Warranty: 90 Days      Price:  $4.95 at J.C. Penny closeout, $29.95 elsewhere.      Finally, another cartridge for Coleco's Driving Module (Expansion California,  94019ed to       keep track of both files while the transfer is taking place. Here       we need to move the second FCB somewhere else in RAM before the       opening of the first file. This is simply done by setting aside a       32 byte buffer somewhere in RAM with a DS instruction and moving       the DATA via an LDIR command. When we access file one, we point to       the FCB ls for your starcruiser. Along the way you must avoid the       evil Destructor and deadly Insektoids. The game is fun in that       there is a sense of urgency while playing. You know that you must       collect a certain number of crystals (creatures called       Krystaloids until you touch them) before moving to the next round;       you also know that all-the-while Destructor and the Insektoids are       persuing you. The fact that the Krystaloids are moving adds to the       difficulty of the ga‚Kےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے      Editor's Note:      This review by Joe Blenkle originally appeared in the July/August       Issue of the Expandable Computer News, editor, the late Darryl       Sage.      Joe is still active in the ADAM world, and I have the pleasure of         memory console with 1 tape drive to play.     KLONDIKE can make       good use of many popular ADAM add-ons:    Hard Drives   Disk       Drives    Memory Expan. MIDI MITE    Etc.          (c) Bonafide          Systems       Klondike is available on all popular ADAM media types:  256k       Tape, 5 1/4" or 3 1/2" Disk     To acquire your copy of KLONDIKE,       mail a $9.00 check or moneyorder (includes S/H) made out to:          Gene Welch          756 Southgate Ave.          Daly City       Module #2). Destructor is the first game released by Coleco since       Turbo to use the driving module and it's long overdue (Editor's       Note: Destructor was available in some areas as early as last       November.) While Destructor is far from being a classic, there is       something about the game that keeps you playing it over and over.      The object of the game is to guide your RAM-car through the city       of Araknid on a distant and hostile planet, collecting power       crystaat 5CH and point to the reserved RAM area for file two.      How much data needs to be the FCB before we open a file? We need       the drive code, the file name, and the file type (for normal       sequential operations). The reserved system bytes at FCB+13,       FCB+14, and FCB+15 should be set to zero. The record number at       FCB+32 also needs to be set (zero for most applications). The       notation "FCB+??" just means so many bytes from the start of the       FCB (the byte displacement).me. The city streets change in each round as       does the location of a remote teleporter which allows you to       return instantly to your ship. This becomes a very hand device for       escaping Insektoids in a hurry. Your Ram-Car is aptly named as it       can ram through crystals blocking your path. Once during the game       I accidentally blocked my own path with crystal and was delighted       to learn that after several attempts I rammed right through them.       I won't say what happens wes more       complex as you proceed. The programmers have also hidden a       surprise inside the adventure. I won't tell you what it is. I       enjoy text adventures, but they can eat up a lot of time. My only       complaint about the game is that you cannot readily make a backup       copy. On the whole I would rate "Bounty Hunter" a 7. It is       enjoyable and worth owning at this price.‚Jےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے      Editor's Note:      The following article first appeared in the July/August 1984 issue       of Expandable Computer News, edited by the late Darryl Sage. There       were many game reviews in these early issues. Some of the authors       of t    by Nick Mucciariello      Product:     Oil's Well      Manufacturer: Sierra, Sierra On-Line Bldg.,      Coarsegold, CA 93614      Requirements: Colecovision/ADAM, Joysticks      Media: Cartridge      Warranty: 90 days      Oil's Well is a one or two player game with various degrees of       play (regular, unleaded and premium). It has the overtones of       PacMan and is a gas to play (Editor's note: we are not responsible       for the quality of puns used by reviewers). You are drilling anequirements: ADAM      Media: Digital Data Pack      Warranty: 30 days      Price: $24.95      Bounty Hunter is one of four text adventure games available from       Victory Software. The game was written by Bruce Robinson and Dr.       Alan Stankiewicz. This game is a nice change of pace from the       dungeons and dragons type of text adventure. You are the "Bounty       Hunter" and your job is to find and arrest all the members of the       "Oil" gang. The game starts out fairly easy and becomhen an Insektoid catches you, but it       involves a crunch-crunch sound not unlike that heard on one of       those science-fiction movies when the giant bug catches you. I       played Destructor for several hours straight to see if I'd tire of       it. I didn't, but the game still lacks something that would make       it a real winner. However, it is a lot of fun and probably rates a       7.‚Kےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے      Editor's Note.       The following review of Oil's Well first appeared in the       Expandable Computer News, July/August 1984 edition.      -----------------------------------------------------------------      Product Review: Oil's Well  hese reivews are still with us, other have since left the ADAM       scene. The information they shared with us in the early ADAM days       is still valid and deserves repeating for those who may not have       read it the first time around.         -RHM      ------------------------------------------------------------------      Product Review: Bounty Hunter      by Darryl Sage      Manufacturer: Victory Software      Distributed by: Star-Byte, 2564 Industry Lane, Norristown PA 19401      R       oil well which consists of an underground maze. You control a       drill bit through the maze and as you move you leave a trail of       pipe. Oozies attach your pipe causing you the loss of a drill bit       if one touches your pipe. You can eat the oozies with a drill bit.       You can also retract the drill bit as far as you want by pushing       the side button, doing away with any existing pipe. If your drill       bit touches a land mine while extracting the oil pellets (similar       of the original Coleco games are becoming       rather difficult to find. You never know, you might get lucky at       your local flea market or surplus store.       At least you'll know what you're looking for.      ---------------------------------------------------------------      Product Review:      Squish'em       by Nick Mucciariello      Product: Squish'em      Manufacturer: Interphase Technologies      Requirements: Colecovision/ADAM, Joysticks      Media: Cartridge      Warranty:s of the maze changes with each new maze getting more       difficult as you progress to the next level. I've had this game       for a month now and still have not tired of it. It has lasting       play quality.aper will describe the existing situation and deal with the       following topics:                Problems presently faced                                Options available                Recommendations      Background:      The ADAM News netwo   creature. "money, money, money" when he reaches the suitcase. If       he is knocked off the building he says "whoops". And if a creature       touches him he says "ouch". Once you stomp a creature, in a few       moments he will turn white and get up. You can jump over a white       creature but can't squish him. After stomping a creature your best       bet is to head for the next floor. If Sam is hit by one fo the 5       different falling objects, he falls off the building and starts at       ‚Kےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے      Editor's Note:          The following game review first appeared in the Expandable       Computer News, July/August 1984 issue. These game reviews are       short, but give you an idea of what each game is all about.       Unfortunately, some to the dots in Pac Man) a drill bit is lots. There is a petromin       (power pill) in each maze. this special oil nugget slows down the       Oozies. Also goblets of super-rich deposits float through the       maze. If your drill bit can touch one of the goblets, you earn       bonus points. You start with 3 drill bits and earn another for       every 10,000 points. There are 8 mazes, and after completing them,       you start with the first maze again at a faster pace. The scenery       and layout 90 days      Squish'em is not that exciting graphically, but it is the first       game I've purchased with VOICE. Sam must climb a 48 story building       to collect a suitcase full of money. There are creatures on each       story who are determined to knock him off the building. Falling       objects make the climb even more difficult. You score points by       climbing to the top of the building and squishing the creatures or       jumping over them. Sam shouts "Squish'em" when he stomps a    rk was formed in 1989 by Founder Barry Wilson       of St. Louis Misouri. Barry envisaged the need for leadership to       the ADAM community in order to bring together the efforts of what       was then a fair number of Programmers, Software Vendors,       Newsletter Editors and ADAM owners at large. The objectives were:                to promote ADAM products and ensure wide dissemination                 of product information                to generate enthusiasm in the ADAM community for      the beginning of that level again. There is one prize per screen,       and if Sam touches it he earns an extra life. The game is fun, but       easy at beginning levels. The voice is the novelty in this game       since you don't need any additional hardware. As the levels       progress the creatures become larger and faster, making it harder       to jump them. I rate this game a 7.  enjoy your greetings for Christmas.   With that  in          mind.....................MERRY CHRISTMAS !!BOB  SLOPSEMA  - editor in chief (Ron said it was a  nifty   title which meant nothing :(    plenty of time to work  on the Christmas  card  this  year because at  the              convention,  he  was "fired" - at least that's how he put    it.  Actually, I volunteered to  take  over the job of       putting together the ANN  disks  for  a while.   Seemed      like  an  easy enough job,  just  tج1 ×68That's right, the name is XMAS!  It's time for us to look    towards the  Christmas  season again.   Hopefully we can put together  a Christmas  card  this year to send out to all    of  ADAMland!   Ron Mitchell  has graciously accepted the    job of fitting  the  pieces into a card format,  BUT he will need the pics from all of you by the middle of November,     hopefully by the first of November.   If memory  serves  me  correctly,  Ron will need your  rendition  in either         PowerPaint formatht, hopefully in the               near future a list will be put on CompuServe                with all past and present ADAM owners and                also a list with E-mail addresses.  That                would make it easy to stay in touch with each               other just by sending a message out.AC8report      Report from the Slopsema's on their observa-               tions of ADAMCON 8Chono4         Fourth in the series from the Internet out-               lining the history of computers.ake  all  the numerous    contributions from ya'll and put 'em on one disk!  THEN, ron told me that the contribution business was the problem       with disk output........  OH,OH !   So now you are "stuck"   with me for the  time being.   We all want to give Ron a     round of thanks  for his  hard work in compiling the scant   material thrown his way and let him take a deserved rest     from scratching for materials.  BUT! don't forget to give    him those christmas pics so I can rest  come December  and rcise various program       choices or menu options , for heaven sakes, don't switch to       number row  half way through.      8) Files retreival and file save routines: Some programs don't       allow the user to see a disk or data pack directory from within       the program. For those of us with short memories, it's best to       provide a way to see the list of files available. Or, if I'm going       to save a file, allow me a way to make sure I'm not overwriting       something important. Pr                         ADAM NEWS NETWORK                                      September 1996   News 1 & 2     Files needed for the self booting Tunnels &                Trolls opening boot screenFuture96       Future Growth of the ADAM speech given by                  Rich Drushel at ADAMCON 8CleeAC8        What is ADAM Good For? speech prepared by               Rich Clee for his ADAMCON 8 addressEmailADD       E-mail addresses of all ADAMCON 8 attendees               A little food for thoug, HGR or HGR2, or HRP (Smartpaint) format   I"m  sure that you can upload them to CompuServe or mail     them  to Ron @ 2075 Cooke Ave.  Comax, B.C.  Canada  V9M     1Y5.A  sidenote  here;  Ron will have plenty of time to work  on the Christmas  card  this  year because at  the              convention,  he  was "fired" - at least that's how he put    it.  Actually, I volunteered to  take  over the job of       putting together the ANN  disks  for  a while.   Seemed      like  an  easy enough job,  just  t It provides                significant dates and events that led to                 computeres and the the industry as we know it               today.  We're IN this one!Klondike       From Jerry Vranks of 463 ADAM.  A review of                Gene Welch's latest offering.  Guaranteed a                best buy for your ADAM.Destruct       Game review of Destructor, written by Joe               Blenkle.  The review first appeared in the                Expandable Computer News Jul/Aug 1984Bountyهههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههه         Game review by the late Darryl Sage of the               game Bounty Hunter.Oil            A review of Sierra Online's game Oil's Well               for the ADAM.  First apppeared in the Jul/Aug               issue of Expandable Computer NewsChristmas      File for your perusal about this year's               musical Christmas card offering.  Yes, it IS                that time again, or will be shortly!Readme         This file.  HAPPY ADAMING!          lining the history of computers.هههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههه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