يEيCfأçü       Initializing Media      ks, memory expanders, data packs, etc. The       program prompts the user for information, determines an            appropriate drive configuration and writes that configuration to   the system media.We were about to consider the machine language code at line 130    of the program. 130 DATA 14,0,205,147,109,50,0,0,201,58,184,0,17,89,0,33,0,212,205,98,      184,50,0,0,201What does it mean?Line 140 splits this data into two separate routines, poking the   first one into memory starting at location 20ANN9502b   پUھے BOOT       گDIRECTORY  طGOGODOSH  €LEDH      
LIBRARYH  €LOGO28H   MODEM20AH MODEM20BH .€MODEM20CH ?PSPCT002H M€R&RGONEH  PREADME2H  TPrices931HWژprices932HZھprices933H]؟prices934H`9prices935Hdôprices936Hg–prices_937Hjmal 47202)         LD        (000),A         RETThis gets somewhat confusing. The routine at 205 in turn calls     routines at 6D93H (28051) which calls another routine at 6D2EH     (27950), and that one calls another routine at 6D01H (27905)       before they eventually come up for air. Dissesembling each of      these in turn, does very little but get me in over my head. For    those who might be interested, they played out as follows:At Address 6D93H (28051 decimal):         LD        A,C       ‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےGoing for GODOSby Ron MitchellOur purpose in this article will be to continue examination of     the GODOS program DSconfig, provided on the distribution disk to   allow a user to configure the system for use with a particular     combination of dis5. The balance of     the data is poked into memory beginning at location 56900. The values poked into memory starting at location 205 convert to   the following Z80 assembly language:         LD        C,0         CALL      6D93H          ; (decimal 28051         LD        (000),A         RETThe second routine loaded at location 56900 is as follows:         LD        A, (0B8h)         LD        DE,059H         LD        HL,0D400H      ; (decimal 54272)         CALL      0B862H         ; (deciQprices938Hm§dealingaHTp¸ANN-02.LLB{

WBLOCKS LEFT…BLOCKS LEFT…ه  CALL      6D2EH          ; (decimal 27950)         CP        0FFH         RET       Z         CP        9BH         JR        NZ,$+5         ;          LD        A,1         RETAnd at Address 6D2EH (27950 decimal):         CALL      6D01H          ; (decimal 27905)         RET       NZ         LD        (iy+0),1         BIT       7,(iy+0)         JR        Z,$-4         LD        A,(iy+0)         CP        80H         RETMoving right along - to 6D01H (27905 decimal):         PUSH     ck    in tape drive 1. While still logged into your disk drive 1 type:PRINT PEEK(184) the answer will be,4Now type:Print PEEK(185)and the answer will be,65type:PRINT CHR$(65)ANow log onto your tape drive 1:DKCATALOG(just to make sure).Now typePRINT PEEK(184)8PRINT PEEK(185)75PRINT CHR$(75)KSo, it seems that address locations 184 and 185 hold the system    number of the currently logged drive and the letter drive          designator respectively. For the routine at memory A,0FFH         OR        A         POP       DE         POP       BC         RETAnd Finally, at location B862H (decimal 47202)         PUSH      AF         CP        11H         JR        Z,$+6         POP       AF         JP        8400H          ;(decimal 33792)         POP       AF         PUSH      BC            LD        B,0         LD        A,0FFH         CP        B         POP       BC         RETClear as mud?Obviously, the assembly language here is not going to yield to me outine is called.    There are two values that change, one changing the value in the    HL register before a sub-call is made and the other changing the   actual address called by the sub-call. I would assume that since   there are two pieces of information asked for respecting each      drive being recorded (media size and directory size) that the      information is being recorded in two different places within the   GODOS system. It should be noted also that there is no other       place in the program w and 2 for the  other one at 56900. All of these calls are located within the      routine that writes the user's specified drive data to disk, that  is the routine that starts at line 3000 and runs through to line   3130. If you experiment a little, you'll find that the PEEK(184) used    in the setup to the first CALL 205 in line 3060 contains the       drive number for the currently logged drive. Just to digress a     bit, try the following:In addition to the disk you have in Drive A:, place a data pa BC         PUSH      DE         LD        C,A         LD        iy,(0FD70H)    ; (decimal 64880)         LD        A,(iy+3)         LD        B,A         OR        A         JR        Z,$+1Bh         LD        DE,004         ADD       iy,DE         LD        DE,015H         LD        A,C         AND       0FH         CP        (iy+10H)         JR        Z,$+8         ADD       iy,DE         DJNZ      $-7         JR        $+5         LD        A,C         JR        $+5         LD        location 205,   note that before it is called, location 206 is poked with the      value of the currently logged drive, which ends up in the C        register when the routine is called. There is then some            processing done (Lord knows what) but the bottom line is that      memory location 0 contains the value of the A register when the    routine terminates, whatever that value was. As for the routine at location 56900, you'll note that in the      setup is different on each occasion that the r any useable information. But I've printed it out, put some notes   on it, and it will go into my loose-leaf binder along with the     annotated program listing. Someday... when I know enough....In the meantime, what do we make of this routine at line 130?There may be other ways of understanding at least something of     what the code is for. Take a look at where the Z80 routines are    called. In fact there are only 3 places, one for the first         portion of it (the one that starts at location 205)here any kind of SAVE command is used. One   can therefore safely conclude that these routines are responsible  for media output.We'll not get any more detailed than that. All of this should prove to you that it is not really necessary    to be a Z-80 language expert to understand an embedded machine     code routine in a BASIC program. It helps, most certainly, but     with a little detective work, you can figure out enough about      what is going on to isolate what the routine might be doing by     tesulting from       installatlon of thls kit. Thls klt Is warranted for 3 months from       date of involce (plus 5 days for shlpplng tlme). Returned items       wlll be dated by postmark on package. Include $5.00 for shlpplng,       handllng  and testlng. Any Item determined to be mlsused or       improperly Installed wtll be void of warranty.      PLEASE READ page 2 In addltlon to thls page before proceeding.      Pages 3 and 4 have been provided for further background info. and       theory. ext installment, we'll move on. pause, while recentlyreceived data is properly assimilated, then signal it to restart the data flow when it's ready to receive more.There are generally two forms of flow control - software and hardware.Hardware flow control is not always required.  It is generally needed     only with high speed modems.  Hardware flow control usestwo of the RS-232 (serial) pins to start and  plugs       (do one drive at a time). Remove the three screws holding the       drive in place.      Look to page 4 for the template. (Note page 2 to identify a       special type of drive). Drill the holes as indicated. Insert the       LED's placing the red LED in the outermost hole (there is no other       way to install them). Be sure no wlres are touching. Use glue to       hold the LED's in place if necessary  and tape to isolate the       wlres.      Bare the two wires on each plug (a tot‚Jےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے      INSTALLATION OF LED INDICATOR KIT:  DATA CASETTE DRIVE      by George Major      All klts have been tested before shipment.      Thls klt Is installed at your risk. No responslbillty wlll be       assumed for any damage to your equipment rhe setup required, and the output that is processed after the     routine is called. In this case, each time routine 56900 is        called, the moment it returns, address location 0 is checked for   a value. The significance of that read is not quite clear to me    at the moment, but I'll bet it has something to do with error      checking. If the program doesn't see a '4' at location 0, it       rushes off to the error message.We've just dealt with one of the most difficult parts of this      program. N     The kit may be encased in a compound for further support and       strength. All the parts and assembly informatlon is provvded In       these pages. There is no need to dissect the klt for thls       information.      ASSEMBLY: Your kit is preassembled. You need a sharp knife to bare       the wlres, a drill to drill the holes, and a soldering iron to       make the connections. Electrical tape and glue is also       recommended.      Remove the cover of your computer. Unplug the 8 and 9 pinstop the data flow.  Its     advantage is that it is data independent and thus can be used for         reliable flow control with any type of data stream.CTS/RTS: Clear To Send - Ready To Send is one form of Hardware flow       control.DSR/DTR: Data Set Ready - Data Terminal Ready is another form of Hardware flow control.page 10V.24:     is the CCIIT standard for, not only flow control, but all of    the communications between the modem and the serialinterface.X-ON/X-OFF: Software flow control, calal of 4 wires) according to      colour codlng descrlbed on page 2 and 4. Solder the wlres of the      harness to the wires of the drive plugs mating the colours (ie.       red to red, etc.). Protect the joints from contacting other wires       with electrical tape.      Test the drive operation by plugging the 8 and 9 pin plugs back       into their sockets without reinstalllng the drive into the       computer. Turn on the computer. No LED should be lit. Insert a       tape; the green LED should The completed job took me a whole evening to       complete.      It will be necessary to remove the top latchlng  mechanism.  If it       ls attached by  plastic clips then you can skip the rest of thls       paragraph. If the top latching mechanism Is attached by screws,       then it will be necessary to remove the black latch retainer. Be       careful because the latch contains two springs. Once removed, saw       off about half an inch of the black retainer. See the diagram       below.  e sure the       drive plugs have been firmly seated and inserted into the proper       sockets. Be sure no wires have been pinched or cut. At the top       center of the drive where the tape is seated is a switch. Depress       the switch. LED @3hould light up. If lights but not when a tape is       inserted then tape seating is the problem.  At the bottom right is       a tachometer wheel on which the tape rides. Spin the wheel. The       red LED should light. If either one or both LEDs do not workf the 8 pln and 9 pin plugs as indicated In the       instructions. The colours of the plugs matches the colours of the       klt provided you use the green wire of the 8 pln rather than the       orange of the 9 pin. Solder the wires together, install the LEDs       into the holes, and using a bit of hot melt glue attach the chip       to the back of the drive houslng. You may want to add the LEDs if       they are loose. Also be careful where you glue the chip because       you don't want it to intt the       time that Mr. Kisil dld the modlflcatlon. He was also gracious       enough to allow me to remain whlle he completed the job.      Soon afterward I got another tape drlve. I asked John if I could       do the modlflcatlon myself. Slnce he had developed a kit uslng the       external mo&lflcatlon I decided to try thls klt myself.      The modlflcatlon does require care and a little blt of previous       experience wlth a solderlng iron If you are putting it together       from scratch. light up when the door is closed. Be       sure the tape is seated properly. Actlvate the drive; the red LED       should light up also and remain for as long as the drive is       active. If it functions, turn off the computer and reinstall the       drive into the housing. Repeat the process for the second drlve if       you have one. Glue chip to back of drive if desired.      If the test fails, check all connections to ensure there is no       loose connection and no wires touchlng each other. B     Fig-5      It will also be necessary to remove the stand-off into which the       screw Is attached (on the beige piece.) This gives the necessary       clearance for the leads of the LEDs.      Carefully put the black flller plece back being careful to install       the springs so that tension is maintained on the latch mechanism.      For all latching mechanisms, you must now drill the holes for the       LEDs using the template supplied. The next step is to bare the       four wires o, then       try temporarily attaching the 4 harness wires of the other kit to       the drlve wlres. Again test operation. If nelther kit works them       you should return the kit for testing. Be sure you do not use       excessive when solderlng. If a LED malfunctins you can replace       yourself (pg 4)      INSTALLING THE LED INDICATOR KIT        by G&ORGE MAJOR      After seeing the beneflts of havlng LED indlcators I decided to       have them installed on my machlne. I only had one drive aerfere wlth anythlng in thc memory console.      The job is now complete. The instructlons with the new klt       fully explain the installatlon. However, thls should glve       you an idea of how easy it is. Plus, slnce most of the             soldering has been done in the new kits, it should only take             3O to 60 minutes to complete the job. Thls Is one doit-yourself       project I would recommend to everyone.of "LBR", "ARK or "ARC".  the firsttwo are common to CP/M users while the ARC files are unique to the MS-DOS world.  Of the two types of CP/M libraries, the first,LBR, is by far the most common.There are several reasons why one might want to put small files in a      library.  Library files are smaller than the sum of theindividual files.  For example, on one disk, I have five small 2k files.  That is the minimum size alloted to a file on a systemusing DSDD disk (1k for SSDD disk systems).  Now, if I ‚JےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےLIBRARIESby Bill Blazer, KCUG N.C., February 1987(A look at types of library files and uses of library files.)The library concept originated with Garry P. Novosielski with the release of LU.COM.  I don't know how many versions he released,but whenpace and still have a lot ofunaccessible storage space left on the disk.  As far as I know, any type  of file can be libraried and different types of filescan be included in one library.  Finally, libraries allowgrouping like files together for better organization.Obviously, one would not want to library often used files.  It does take  some time to go through the motions of opening alibrary, finding and extracting the desired member and theninserting the new member back into the library (that is, ifary file?  Martin Murray best defines a       library file this way:  "A library file is a single CP/M file which       maintains one or more smaller files as its members.  Eachfile is written to the library and recorded in the librarydirectory.  After that, it may be accessed for viewing, printing, or      execution, or may be extracted from the library to assume the status of a stand alone file once again."In the realm of public domain programs, you are likely to see library     files with extensions he setup required, and the output that is processed after the     routine is called. In this case, each time routine 56900 is        called, the moment it returns, address location 0 is checked for   a value. The significance of that read is not quite clear to me    at the moment, but I'll bet it has something to do with error      checking. If the program doesn't see a '4' at location 0, it       rushes off to the error message.We've just dealt with one of the most difficult parts of this      program. Nlibrary those      files under on file name, those five files take up only 4kwhen libraried.  Of course, with files which use most of the 2k allotment the library will be proportionally larger but in mostcases, the library files will be smaller by about 2k or more.  In         addition to conserving disk space, I also reduce the number of directory  entries.  Under CP/M a total of 64 directory entries isallowed.  So if you have a bunch of small files occupying 2k or 4k, you   could run out of directory s I got a copy of LU.COM, Ver. 3.0, I thought I had died and gone  to heaven.  However, as usual, someone is alwaysinventing a better mousetrap and that came along in the form of NULU,     Ver. 1.0 by Martin Murray.  the latest version of thatprogram is version 1.51 which is available in the club library or from    Binary Star.  there may be a later version out, but all Ican say about version 1.1 is "it don't get any better thanthis!!"  (I haven't moved on to Ver. 1.51 yet.)First of all, what is a libr any changes   have been made to the extracted member).  Incidently,once a member is extracted, that does not mean there is a hole or vacancy in the library.  A copy of the desired program is writtenout to disk under its own name.  The original program is still in the     library.  It's sort of like copying a program from one diskto another except in this case, the copying is done on the same disk.     Yes, you can copy to another drive too.If you are not familiar with the library concept, I wouldencouplicate copy.There are better options, at least two of them.First, the LOGO program disk contains a STARTUP file that leads  you into the TUTORIALS on bootup. These are great, and well worth working through and granted, you can say 'no' when you are given  the     opportunity by the STARTUP file. But bear in mind that the LOGO tutorials occupy something like 66 blocks on your disk. If  you've   only got a single sided drive, that might be significant and you might want to free up the space for somet‚JےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےThe LOGO Notebookby Ron MitchellPhilosophy.When it comes to learning something new, it's the hard 'trench-           slogging' that eventually does the trick. Quite obviously, repetition is the key and I am certainly not the first one in all  of  backup media. Then you're in business.A STARTUP File:We've covered this in previous installments, and most of you  already     know that the STARTUP file performs the same function as a HELLO file in SmartBASIC. When you boot the disk, if there's  anything  you want to get going right away, automatically, you put it in your startup file. Mine is still under construction, but  here it   is in its present state:TO GETNUMMAKE "ANS RLOP FIRST :ANSENDTO CLOCKSETPR [WHAT HOUR IS IT?\ ]MAKE "HR GETA note or two about one thing I keep forgeting.The Workdisk:Most of you have probably figured this out already, but just in  case you haven't here it is.There's an old adage in computing that says you never, but NEVER  use     your original software for anything except making a backup copy  to work  with. So it is with the LOGO program disk. At the very least, you can duplicate it with FileManager or your favourite  disk      copier, put the original away in a safe place, and work with  your        durage you to copy a LBR vile and NULU to a blank disk and play around with extracting programs from the LBR file.  Trycreating your own libraries using NULU.  I think you will find libraries  to be a valuable tool and you will soon be wonderinghow you got along without them.After seeing the beneflts of havlng LED indlcators I decided to       have them installed on my machlne. I only had one drive ahing else.In fact, all you need to run SmartLOGO from a disk or datapack is  the    LOGO file itself, and block 0 on the distribution media. FileManager will easily copy these items to your freshly initialized backup. Then presto, you've got yourself a clean LOGO  boot   disk.Use FileManager's FILE COPY function to copy the file shown as LOG       Ofrom the distribution media to your backup media.Then use FileManager's BLOCK COPY option to copy BLOCK 0 from the         distribution media to your    human existance to have discovered that. There are times when  I come     back to this Notebook just before deadline and work feverishly to get something out; anything. This is one of those times. All I can share with you is what I learn. This time I've tried a  few     different things, little things which will help you get going  more       quickly when you do get to your LOGO sessions.1) Making a LOGO workdisk2) Putting a STARTUP file on your workdisk3) Some 'fixes' to my clock program4) NUMPR []PR [ENTER MINUTES 0 - 59\ ]MAKE "MIN GETNUMPR []PR [ENTER SECONDS 0 - 59\ ]MAKE "SEC GETNUMENDTO CLOCKMAKE "COL FIRST CURSORMAKE "ROW LAST CURSORIF :SEC = 59 [MAKE "MIN :MIN + 1 MAKE "SEC 0] [MAKE "SEC :SEC + 1]IF :MIN = 59 [MAKE "HR :HR + 1]IF :HR > 23 [MAKE "HR 0]SETCURSOR [20 0]IF :HR < 10 [TYPE 0 TYPE :HR TYPE [:]] [TYPE :HR TYPE [:]]IF :MIN < 10 [TYPE 0 TYPE :MIN TYPE [:]] [TYPE :MIN TYPE [:]]IF :SEC < 10 [TYPE 0 TYPE :SEC] [TYPE :SEC]SETCURSOR SE :COL :ROWENDTO WP.CALLb. You could get rid of the entire startup file by typing:ERALLwhich would clear everything, including the clock and the demon  that     keeps it running. Perhaps you want this, perhaps you don't.  What we need really is a utility that will allow you to delete selected items or tagged items in the workspace with a single  command. One of these days we'll have to write one. Shouldn't be too hard. The     biggest trick would be to find out where in memory the list  of titles in the workspace resides.  me a way of changing the screen and  print  colour so that it shows up more legibly on my old 1973 Sylvania television set which is where I do most of my LOGO  cavorting    and playing. There is the clock routine that appeared earlier in this series, along with a couple of modifications to it that we'll discuss shortly. Finally I've  included a  way of inputting the time on bootup. And that's it. There may be all sorts of other things you want in  your   workspace when you boot up LOGO. It's your prefttle more like what we're used to.  The IF    statements in each of the three output lines are fairly straightforward and should be understandable without any further          explanation. Remember the syntax for IF statements in LOGO:IF <condition> [DO SOMETHING] [DO SOMETHING ELSE]The statements within the square brackets are not LOGO syntax,  but       should be self-explanatory. If the condition is true, then the procedure will DO SOMETHING. If it is false, then SOMETHING  ELSE     gets done.Whenal STARTUP file are also saved under  whatever new name you might use. There may be instances where you don't want this to happen, and  the only way around it is to go through each procedure that is included in the workspace and decide, before you save, whether or  not    you want to keep it. This you can do by typing:POTSWhich reponds with a list of names currently in the workspace. Then, if   you wanted to get rid of HD and WP for example, you could type:ER "WPER "HDAnd that would do the jo 64743ENDTO HD.CALL 58303ENDTO CLSCSHTSETCURSOR [1 1]CHANGE.COLOR 15 1ENDMAKE "STARTUP [CLS CLOCKSET CLS WHEN 0 [CLOCK]]You can safely ignore the WP and HD procedures. Unless you have a  MINNIE WINNIE hard drive, don't even include HD. That's how I get back to my Hard Disk Shell when I'm running SmartLOGO from the  Minnie    Winnie. WP can be included if you wish. Just remember to save your workspace before you use this procedure. There's no  going      back!The rest of the STARTUP givesThe CLOCK Program Fixes:My changes to the previously published clock procedure are directed mainly at formatting the output. If you study the listing, you'll see that we're now asking the procedure to check  the     hours (:HR) minutes (:MIN) and seconds (:SEC) to see if any  of these     variables are less than 10, which they all will be from time to time. If they are, then the procedure inserts a '0' in  front of  the value before printing it to the screen. All of this makes the clock display a lierence that counts.There's one problem that has surfaced in my recent dealings with  STARTUP files, albeit a minor and solvable one. Once loaded into the workspace, the procedures, variables and properties that are  part of the file remain in the workspace until erased. Now if you add any new procedures, as you no doubt will when commencing a  new       session, these too are added to the workspace. When you save  the new     version of the workspace to disk, the procedures that were part of the origin Memory Fails:Those who follow the Notebook with any degree of regularity might         remember that I always have trouble getting numerical input from  the     operation READLIST or RL. RL as you'll recall is like the INPUT command in SmartBASIC. It will take input from the keyboard, and make a list out of it until the user presses <RETURN>. The problem with RL is that it returns that list in  ASCII      format, and all of LOGO's mathematical and logical commands  and          operations choke when om either there,  Columbia  Online  (CBUG), or  GENIE (It  is either  on the  WP or  Laptop roundtable).     Please send corrections,  additions, comments, etc.  to      the   Author  at the above  address or phone,  by Netmail c/o  The Writers    Block,  or, if of  public interest, on the PC_TECH orECHO_MOD areas of EchoNet.Rev 2.0 - July 14, 1991What is a Modem?A modem is a Modulator - Demodulator, it is a device that allows the    transfer of digital data as an analog signal - such as over a phon‚Hےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے        A BERLITZ COURSE IN HIGH SPEED DATA COMMUNICATIONS                                or                        How to Speak Modem                                by                      Theodore M. Rosenberg                          (301) 46ble for developing data communications standards for the world.  This is a United Nations sponsored group, and its members include      representatives from major modem manufacturers, commoncarriers (such as AT&T), and governmental bodies.The CCITT establishes standards for modulation -- actual modem          signaling methods.  It also determines standards for error correction   and data compression.  It is possible (and likely)that one modem might follow several CCITT standards, depending on the   varis article is distributed unaltered and  with  fullattribution.  This restriction is not intended  to  interfere with      either the  fair  rights to  quote  and  abstract, or a SYSOP's ability to compress,  reformat,  or otherwise  change the       electronic form, rather  than  the content.     The latest update of this is available  from the Author  in either  print or media for a  $5.00 handling charge,  or may beFREQ'ed  from The Writers Block BBS  (EchoNet  or FidoNet) or           downloaded frthey see it. And so, if we want numerical input we must:MAKE "ANS FIRST RLWhich performs the necessary conversions. Now. Can I remember  that for   next time?t Ready - Data Terminal Ready is another form of Hardware flow control.page 10V.24:     is the CCIIT standard for, not only flow control, but all of    the communications between the modem and the serialinterface.X-ON/X-OFF: Software flow control, cale     line.Who Makes them?About 70% of all modems available in the US are RockwellInternational chipsets or boards, with the named manufacturer providing some firmware and the packaging.  Most of the rest aremade by Motorola, with a few brave companies actually making their own  from scratch.  This could change with AT&T entering themarket.Who Sets The Standards?CCITT:   The Consultative Committee on International Telephone and      Telegraph is an international body of technical expertsresponsi7-8988                        2541 St. Paul St.                       Baltimore, MD 21218Prepared for:                The Columbia-Baltimore Users Group                               and               Users of the PC_Tech Echo on EchoNet                          Available on:                        Columbia Online and                        The Writers BlockCopyright 1990, Theodore M. Rosenberg, all rights reserved.     Non-commercial distribution permitted without charge as  long as   thious features and capabilities the modem offers.All modems signal one another at a variety of speeds, so CCITT          standards for modulation are utilized by virtually every modem          manufacturer.  Some of the standards that are primarilymodulation do include some of the higher layers (such asnegotiation) as well.  Multi-speed modems may use several of these      standards.CCITT standards for analog modems begin with "V.", digital standards    begin "X." pronounced "Vee dot" or "Ex Dot." Stan standards mean?     ModulationModulation refers to the signaling method that is used by the modem.    Two modems must use the same modulation method in orderto understand each other.  Each data rate uses a different modulation   method, and sometimes there is more than one methodfor a particular rate.  For example the Bell 212A and V.22 modulation   standards that both specify 1200 bps modulation, butthey work differently, and are not directly compatible.     Common Modulation StandardsV.21:    , the term "ANSI" generally refers to  ANSI standard X.64 as implemented by IBM in ANSI.SYS. The ANSI X.64 standard specifies a series of codes that a host system   can send to a remote data terminal to control colorattributes, cursor positioning, inverse video and screen clearing on    the terminal display.ASCII:  The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a     standard that defines 128 different characters that can be page 1used   for data transmission.  These include control characterhronous 4 wire leased line, or 1200 bps         Synchronous 2 wire leased line.Bell 208: 4800 bps Synchronous leased line.  208A is 4 wire and 208B is switched.Bell 212A: another 1200 bps transmission standard.  This standard is    also used primarily inside the United States.  (1200 bpstransmissions outside the United States primarily use the V.22          standard).  It is Full-Duplex and is Phase Shift Keyed (PSK or DPSK).   page 2V.17:a Half-duplex implementation of V.33, 14000 bps              tratal of 256transmittable data characters.  Each manufacturer, however, created     their own set of 128 additional characters.  All extendedcharacter sets are NOT the same.In the case of the IBM PC and compatibles, the extendedcharacters include international alphabet, graphics andmathematics characters. These are commonly known as "IBMGraphics" characters, or "ANSI graphics".In addition, some languages, (such as APL) also define the extended     characters for special purposes.What do the variousdardsalso may end with a "bis" or "ter," meaning second generation or third  generation respectively.  A common confusion arises out of connector    standards with similar numbers.  The CCITT does NOT setconnector standards.ANSI:     The American National Standards Institute, is a US standards  development organization.  The ANSI develops standardsfor thousands of different areas, from architecturalspecifications for the handicapped to computer programming languages.With regard to data communication a data transmission standard at 300 bps.  This standard is    used primarily outside the United States.  (300 bpstransmissions in the United States primarily use the Bell 103           standard).  It is Full-Duplex and is Frequency Shift Keyed.Bell 103: a 300 bps transmission standard.  This standard is used       primarily inside the United States.  (300 bps transmissions outside the United States primarily use the V.21).  It is Full-Duplex and is Frequency Shift Keyed (FSK).Bell 202: 1800 bps Asyncs,letters of the alphabet, both upper and lower case, numbers, and a full set of punctuation characters.  Because there are only 128 ASCII        characters, only 7 bits are required to form each of the128 possibilities.There are also versions of ASCII for less than 7 bits, more commonly    called BAUDOT, Correspondence, or "Navy."Many computer makers have extended the ASCII character set by adding    128 more characters.  This was accomplished by simplyadding one more binary digit, resulting in a tonsmission, now used by 14400 bps Group III fax.V.22:     a data transmission standard at 1200 bps.  Thisstandard is also used primarily outside the United States.  (1200 bps   transmissions in the United States primarily use the Bell212A standard).  It is Full-Duplex and is PSK.V.22bis: the international data transmission standard at 2400 bps.It is used both inside and outside the United States, and isFull-Duplex.     QAM,  Quadrature Amplitude Modulation allows modems to     increase speed from 1complete standard for modems, so V.29-capable MODEMS(not faxes) from different manufacturers will not necessarily           communicate with one another.  Prior to the development of Group III    Fax, V.29 was used primarily for 4 wire leased line, or short haul      transmission.page 3V.32:is also a data transmission standard at 9600 bps, but V.32   defines a Full-duplex (two-way) modulation technique.  It is a full     modem standard, and also includes forward error correcting and          negotiation ssy line, it looks for a "sweet spot" in the     bandwidth and attempts to avoid troublesome frequencies.      This technique makes 2400 bps modems more tolerant of line     noise than their 1200 bps counterparts that use compromise     equalization.V.23:     is a split data transmission standard, operating at 1200 bps  in one direction and 75 bps in the reverse direction. Therefore, the modem is only "semi-full-duplex," meaning that it        transmitting data in both directions simultaneously, but nem is roughly 64 times more complex than a 2400 bps     modem.V.32bis: is the new high speed standard.  V.32bis operates at 14400 bps and, like V.32, will be a Full-duplex method.  V.32biswill be generally available by the end of 1991 and will rapidly replace V.32 in general use.V.33:     A version of V.32 without echo cancellation, uses QAM and TCM at 14400 bps, normally Synchronous 4 wire leased line,but some two wire implementations exist.  V.35:     Even though the number is higher, this is a sd  by Group III Fax 4800 bps/2400 bpsV.29:     is a 9600 bps data transmission standard that defines a       Half-duplex (one-way) modulation technique.  Although modems do exist   which implement this standard, it has generally only seenextensive use in Group III facsimile (FAX) transmissions at 9600        bps/7200 bps.  Since it is a Half-duplex method, it issubstantially easier to implement this high speed standard than it      would be to implement a high speed Full-duplex standard.  V.29 is not a 200 bps to 2400 bps.In QAM, each signal     represents four data bits.Both 1200 bps and 2400 bps modems     use the same 600 baud rate, but each 1200 bps signal carries     two data bits, while each 2400 bps signal carries four data     bits: 600 signals per second X 4 bits per signal = 2400 bps.     A technique known as Automatic Adaptive Equalization enables     2400 bps modems to adapt to phone line impairments call-by-     call.  Essentially, if the modem is experiencing problems     with a noitandards as well.  This is generally considered "the"      standard for high-speed modems today.  It is Full-Duplexand uses Quadrature Amplitude Modulation and Trellis Coded Modulation.     ECHO-CANCELLATION is the method V.32 uses to solves the     problem of overlapping transmit and receive channels.  The     transmit and receive bands overlap almost completely, each     occupying 90 percent of the available bandwidth.  Measured     by computations per second and bits of resolution, a V.32     modot at the     maximum data rate.  This standard was developed to lower the cost of    1200 bps modem technology, which was still very costly inthe early 1980s, when such modems were designed.  This standard is      still in use, but primarily in Europe.  It is PSK.V.26:     2400 bps Synchronous 4 wire leased line.V.26bis: 1200 bps/2400 bps Asynchronous 2 wire leased line.V.27bis: 4800 bps/2400 bps Synchronous 2/4 wire leased line.V.27ter: 4800 bps/2400 bps Asynchronous 2 wire leased line.  Also useupposedly        obsolete standard for high-speed (19200 bps) communication originally   used on leased lines.  As I talk to manufacturers, Iam finding that this is still in use.  Hayes "V":     Also called Hayes Ping Pong modulation.  Hayes also      developed its own technology for high speed transmission.  Like the     others Proprietary modems, Hayes "V" series high speedmodems only talk high speed to other Hayes modems.HST:  High Speed Technology is a proprietary method of U.S.  Robotics,  it is ems, HOWEVER, The multiple channel     technique offers extremely good immunity to impulse noise     (the most common) because the impulse energy is distributed     over narrow channels.Due to the better overall performance of PEP, and the better turnaround time of HST, US Robotics had captured a lot of thegeneral high speed traffic in the PC world, and Telebit captured the    majority of similar high speed traffic in the Unix worldprior to V.42bis.Both US Robotics and Telebit both offer modems thad used by      Telebit in their Trailblazer modem series.  Like the HST, PEP modems    will only connect at high speed with other PEP modems. PEP communicates at 20600 bps., the highest speed in general use.  PEP  is based on a multi-carrier technique, the transmissionchannel is divided into 512 independent, very narrow channels.  The     main advantage is that no receiver adaptive equalizer isneeded because each channel is very narrow compared to the overall      channel bandwidth.  The modulation rate roprietary method owned byCompuCom, and is a companion to CSP data compression,(see below).                         Error CorrectionMost error correction would better be called error detection, it refers to the ability to identify errors during a transmission,and to automatically resend data that appears to have been damaged in   transit.  If error correction is to be used, bothmodems must adhere to the same error correction standard to make it     work.  Most error correction is Automatic request foyped character may take as much as a     half of a second to be echoed back to the system that sent     it.  As a result, the system is not the best for interactive     online sessions.     2.  The Trailblazer receiver cannot track carrier phase     jitter, Instead of canceling out phase jitter, PEP can only     respond by lowering throughput.     3.  The ability to transmit at the maximum rate when subject     to some types of channel impairment is considerably less     than for conventional modnot Full-duplex, and it does not support highspeed transmission in BOTH directions.  Current HST modems send data at 14400 bps in one direction, and 450 bps in the otherdirection.  The high speed channel changes direction depending on which side of the transmission has the most data to send.  HSTmodems can only talk at high speed with other HST modems,although they also adhere to existing standards for 300 bps, 1200 bps   and 2400 bps operation.PEP:  Packetized Ensemble Protocol is a proprietary methot have both the       proprietary and standard transmission options.DIS :     A relatively inexpensive, non-standard method of Full- duplex 9600 bps communication is Dynamic Impedance Stabilization, which        improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the telephone line by increasing  the clarity and power of the signal, and automaticallycompensating for impedance variations on the phone line.  It has a      fallback rate of 7200 bps if too much line noise exists for 9600 bps    communications.  DIS is a pin each narrowchannel can be changed somewhat independently.  Trailblazer is          different from many other modems in that the decision to fall back to   lower speeds is built into the modem protocol, ratherthan controlled by the user's computer port.  Traditionalmodulation systems would have to fall back in larger steps.  But there  are three problems:page 41.  The turn-around delay is very long compared to     conventional modulation techniques because data must be sent     in large blocks.  A trretransmission (ARQ), in that the modem sends a block and a cyclical    redundancy checksum (CRC).  The receiving modemrecalculates the CRC, and if it doesn't match, asks for a re- transmit.TCM:  Trellis-Coded Modulation (with Viterbi coding) is an optional     error-correction method included in the V.32 standard. TCM allows modems to check for transmission errors with aredundancy bit, which results in fewer errors on noisy lines.  Trellis  Encoding works WITH other error correction methods suchas s    throughput about 108% of that of a modem without MNP,delivering about 254 cps at 2400 bps.MNP Class 4 uses Adaptive Packet Assembly and Optimized Data Phase       techniques, it improves throughput and performance by about 5%, although actual increases depend on the type of call (noisyor clean), and can be as high as 25% to 50% on some links.V.42: is a CCITT error-correction standard that's similar to MNP Class   4, In fact, because the V.42 standard includes MNPcompatibility through Class 4, alde, and uses asynchronous, byte-         oriented, Full-duplex transmission.  Because of protocol overhead (the  time it takes to establish the protocol and operate it),throughput at Class 2 is actually only about 84% of that for a ےے        A BERLITZ COURSE IN HIGH SPEED DATA COMMUNICATIONS                                or                        How to Speak Modem                                by                      Theodore M. Rosenberg                          (301) 46ally re-transmitting datathat is corrupted during transmission assuring that only error free data passes through the modems.  Used with X.25.LAPD :  Link Access Procedure Direct, like MNP or LAPM & B, but for      internal or leased lines.                         Data CompressionData compression refers to the ability in some modems to compress the    data they're sending, squeezing data to a smaller size as it is sent.    This saves time and can result in considerable moneysaved by long-distance mod‚Iےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےconnection without MNP, delivering about 202 cps (characters per second) at 2400 bps and is rarely used today.MNP Class 3 incorporates Class 2, and is more efficient.  It uses a      synchronous, bit-oriented, Full-duplex method.  This procedure yieldV.42.  Unlike other methods, TCM is true error correction, in that   for small errors, it does not force a retransmit, itactually fixes them.MNP - Microcom Network Protocol is a set of standards developed by      Microcom, and made available by them to other manufacturers. page 5MNP  Class 1 is referred to as Block Mode.  It uses asynchronous,            byte-oriented, Half-duplex transmission.  This method provides only     about 70% efficiency, and is rarely used today.MNP Class 2 is called Stream Mol MNP 4- compatible modems can          establish error-controlled connections with V.42 modems.  This standard, however, prefers to use its own better performingprotocol -- LAPMLAPM :  Link Access Procedure for Modems, like MNP, copes with phone     line impairments by automatically re-transmitting data that is corrupted during transmission assuring that only error freedata passes through the modems.LAPB :  Link Access Procedure Binary, like MNP or LAPM, copes with phone line impairments by automatic7-8988                        2541 St. Paul St.                       Baltimore, MD 21218Prepared for:                The Columbia-Baltimore Users Group                               and               Users of the PC_Tech Echo on EchoNet                          Available on:                        Columbia Online and                        The Writers BlockCopyright 1990, Theodore M. Rosenberg, all rights reserved.     Non-commercial distribution permitted without charge as  long as   them users.  Not all types of data can be        compressed by the same amount, but gains can nearly always be realized.  Raw text files will allow the highest increase, whileprogram files cannot be compressed as much and the increase in transfer  speed will be less, graphic files even less, andcompressed files such as ARC and ZIP, cannot be compressed at all.       Current compression methods are still improving, withBell's application of B-Trees and Brents application of Huffman encoding to LZ methods.  Thus, a modem with V.42bis data compression isassumed to include V.42 error correction.Most V.42bis modems also support MNP5, however it is not required by the standard.CSP:  CompuCom Speed Protocol offers compression up to 4:1.  CSP is a    proprietary method owned by CompuCom, and requires DIS.Fractal: I am unable to locate the material at present, however a firm   has developed a unique data compression algorithmspecifically for graphics files, using fractal analysis methods.  This   method is cuman Codingreplaces ASCII with a variable length "minimum redundancy code" with the length of the character based on the frequency ofoccurrence.  For example the code for the most common character "E" is   00, and the code for the much less common character "D" is11000.MNP Class 7 provides Enhanced Data Compression.  When combined with      Class 4, it can obtain about a 3:1 improvement inperformance.  It is designed primarily for use with a V.22bis (2400 bps) modem.  This class is currently unique to ndelbrot's early work on the nature of telephone line noise.  His      discovery that line noise could be described as a Cantor set was one of  the first steps in the development of fractalmathematics.                      Fallback Negotiationpage 7If the line noise is high enough, more data will get through with  a lower speed than with the high speed and retransmission.V.32(bis): includes an optional fallback to 4800 bps underconditions of extreme line noise.MNP Class 10: is a fallback protocol eady(using ARC, PKZIP, and similar programs).  While MNP Class 5 can         actually decrease throughput on this type of data, V.42bis will not --   compression is only added when a benefit will be realized.  V.42bis uses Lempel-Ziv encoding (like the PKZIP and LHARCprograms) which is a dynamic dictionary algorithm which assigns codes to repeated strings in the actual file being compressed,rather than theoretical forms.To negotiate a standard connection using V.42bis, V.42 must also be      present.  The latest methods (Fiala-Greene TRIEdata structures) are not yet in commercial form, but promise faster and  greater compression.MNP Class 5 is a Data Compression protocol which uses a real-time        adaptive algorithm.  It can provide up to 2-1 compression, On  page      6pre-compressed data MNP 5 can actually EXPAND the data and performance  can actually decrease.  For this reason, MNP 5 isoften disabled on BBS systems.  MNP 5 uses a form of Huffman Coding and  a dynamic dictionary algorithm.  Huffrrently only available in software (like zip,arc, etc.  for data) but, when I spoke to the developers a few months    ago, they said that they were in negotiation with a modemmanufacturer to provide a hardware solution for people who need to       transmit large amounts of graphics data regularly.  They were also       hoping to provide a better alternative to V.29 Group IIIFax.  A Fax is just a graphics file.  This is especiallyappropriate, as all modern data transmission is based on Benoit          MaMicrocommodems.  Since it requires much more hardware and is usually inferior to V.42bis, it is not likely to be seen in the future.V.42bis: a CCITT data compression standard similar to MNP Class 5, but   providing about 4-1 compression.  Of course, this alsomeans it provides better throughput.  V.42bis only compresses data that  needs compression.  Each block of data is analyzed, andif it can benefit from compression, compression is enabled.  Files on    bulletin board systems are often compressed alrdeveloped by Microcom, which        provides for small movements down (and back up) in speed under poor line conditions.  It has been recently licensed to RockwellInternational.  Since Rockwell makes at least 70% of all modem chipsets  sold in the US, it will rapidly become a de-factostandard in all US Modems.                     Connection NegotiationConnection Negotiation refers to the manner in which two modems          establish which modulation method will be used during aconnection.  Modems lisof Half-duplex connections.Some modems are pseudo Full-duplex.  This means they cannot transmit     data at high speed in both directions at the same time page 8because they are really operating in a fast turn-around Half-      duplex mode internally.                         Bits and ParityData Bits:  In communications, common settings are either for 7- bit or  8-bit data.  Generally, both ends of the connection mustbe set the same way.  If one end is set to 7-bit data and the other end  is set to 8ion is part of  each modem standard.  It should be noted here that thetones sent to originate a call are usually different than those sent to  answer a call.  Some modems can originate a call forcingan answer set of tones, or vice-versa.Most negotiation standards are included in the base standard, the only   separately named one that I have seen is Annex A, the method used by     V.42 modems to fall back from V.42 to MNP if the othermodem is not a V.42, and then to non-corrected if the responding modemacters.  The extended character set, such as the PC's single and     double line boxes and foreign characters, CANNOT be sentunless the link is first set to allow the transmission of 8-bit data.    Some systems have even 5-bit and 6-bit data, and usecharacter sets such as BAUDOT and Selectric, but these systems are       uncommon today.  For some reason, TTY's for the deaf use the extremely   obsolete BAUDOT codes, making them out of step with therest of the communications world.Parity Bit: When you estect baud rates, the software will also tryto change, but the modems will ignore it and you will losecontact with your own modem.                              DuplexDuplex refers to whether a data communications path is one-way or        two-way.  "Full-duplex" means that data can flow in bothdirections at the same time.  "Half-duplex" means that data can flow in  only one direction at one time.  Most modems are Full-duplex, but communications software can most often still be set to take  advantage ten to the tones sent by a remote modem to        determine what modulation method will be used.  Since different          modulation methods often use different answer tones, these can be used   by the calling modem to determine which method to use. Negotiation standards have been created to make the process easier.      These standards dictate the sequence of events that willoccur when a modem answers the phone, eliminating the guesswork          associated with the listen to the tones method.  Negotiat-bit data, reliable communication cannotusually be established.  This is because one end interprets the 8th data bit as a parity bit, and the other end tries tointerpret it as a part of the current character.  On a connection like   this, some characters will display properly, while otherswill appear as "garbage," depending on which direction the data is       traveling.If the communications link is set to transmit only 7-bit data, the       sendable characters are limited to the 128 defined ASCIIchar   is not MNP.The fancier the modem, the longer it can take to negotiate a connection.  If you stop and think about this, it is obvious,with more choices, the two modems will spend more time finding the best  combination.WARNING: With most high speed modems you must "lock" your port speed at  a set speed ( as high as your system will allow).  Themodems will negotiate the best speed that they actually use, and may     change it as line conditions dictate.  If your communications software   is set to detablish communications with anothercomputer, parity is set to "even," "odd," "mark," "space" or "none."     These are terms for the manner in which the parity bit isinterpreted by the receiver.Parity is a primitive form of error-checking.  The state of the parity   bit, when set to be even or odd, is based on a simplemathematical formula.  Depending on the data bits, the parity bit will   either be on or off.  Normally, the limited error checkingcapabilities are not utilized.  This explains why the seconstantly,but they are discarded by the receiver.Because there are no start or stop bits, it is possible to remove 2 of   every 10 bits used in Asynchronous communications.  Thisresults in a 20% faster data speed with the same serial bit rate.        However, because of the requirement for constant data flow, Synchronous  transmission requires additional protocol, it is usedis with high speed modems.  When these modems use MNP or V.42 protocols  they use synchronous communications between the modemst character has been sent.  There is always just one start bit.  However, there may be one, one    and a half or two stop bits.Stop bit length used to be critical when serial communication was        primarily handled with electromechanical equipment, such as an           old-fashioned Teletype machine.  The print head in this type of          equipment took a fixed amount of time to return to its "home" position,  and this was accomplished during the sending of thestop bits.  A longer stop bit length g   receiver to signal the transmitter to pause, while recently received     data is properly assimilated, then signal it to restartthe data flow when it's ready to receive more.There are generally two forms of flow control - software and hardware.Hardware flow control is not always required.  It is generally needed    only with high speed modems.  Hardware flow control usestwo of the RS-232 (serial) pins to start and stop the data flow.  Its    advantage is that it is data independent and thus can be ter.  The receiver knowswhen a character is sent, by the framed nature of asynchronous           transmission - the start and stop bits.Synchronous (or bisynchronous): An alternate serial transmission method  exists known as synchronous communications.  It occurswhen there are no start or stop bits, and is possible only if data       characters flow constantly at a fixed bit rate with nointerruptions.  When there is no data to send, null characters are sent  at the fixed rate to keep data bits flowing tting of parity  to "none" is so common in communications today.  Thisallows the parity bit to be used as a normal data bit instead.Start and Stop Bits: Start and stop bits allow each character sent to be set in a "frame." The beginning of the character, thefirst part sent, is the start bit, and the end of the character, the     last part sent, is the stop bit.  Each character sent is thus framed     with a distinct beginning and ending bit and this allowsthe receiving system to know when each completehemselves.  However, you still use asynchronous communications between  the computer and the modem.There are software emulations of Synchronous communications, such as     Flashlink from Cardinal, or SynchUp from Motorola that will increase     thruput on lower speed modems.                          Flow ControlFlow control refers to the method of controlling the flow of transmitted data, so it doesn't "overrun" the data receiver'sability to receive the incoming signals.  Flow control allows the     ave the print head more time to    return to its home position.page 9In modern all-electronic serial communication, the stop bit is     still necessary, but only to mark the end of a character.  A delay isn't necessary as there isn't usually anything mechanicalinvolved.Asynchronous:Framing the character with start and stop bits forms the    basis for "asynchronous" communications.  In asynchronoustransmission, characters do not have to flow constantly - there can be   gaps or spaces between each characused for        reliable flow control with any type of data stream.CTS/RTS: Clear To Send - Ready To Send is one form of Hardware flow      control.DSR/DTR: Data Set Ready - Data Terminal Ready is another form of         Hardware flow control.page 10V.24:     is the CCIIT standard for, not only flow control, but all of   the communications between the modem and the serialinterface.X-ON/X-OFF: Software flow control, called XON/XOFF flow control, starts  and stops the data flow based on the receptions    throughput about 108% of that of a modem without MNP,delivering about 254 cps at 2400 bps.MNP Class 4 uses Adaptive Packet Assembly and Optimized Data Phase       techniques, it improves throughput and performance by about 5%, although actual increases depend on the type of call (noisyor clean), and can be as high as 25% to 50% on some links.V.42: is a CCITT error-correction standard that's similar to MNP Class   4, In fact, because the V.42 standard includes MNPcompatibility through Class 4, al-off is normally sent at 80% of capacity.  At high speeds,     this may not be enough.     2) It is easy to have an accidental X-off triggered, either     by a code in a binary file, or by operator error.  On many     types of keyboards it is surprisingly easy to accidently hit     a <ctrl>S.  Anyone who has worked on a large system will     have run into the mysterious intermittent terminal lock up     problem.                           CommandsTo tell the modem what you want it to do, you haveenet,Telenet, Sprint, PDN, etc) you are actually hooked     up to a PAD.  If you have X.25, and the right communications     software, you can do more than one thing simultaneously,such     as download, read mail, and upload at the same time.As far     as I know, Hayes and TL Systems are the only general market     modem companies to offer X.25 at the present time, more WILL     follow in coming years.page 11All RBOC's, and most, if not all, long distance carriers and independent telephone companiea command set, this is the specification for a    "loop-back" test to test the modems performance and status.X.25:     This command set is a special set, used to communicate with a  "PAD" or Packet Assembler Disassembler.  A PAD allows youto communicate simultaneously with more than one system.  Put ncorporates Class 2, and is more efficient.  It uses a      synchronous, bit-oriented, Full-duplex method.  This procedure yield of certaincontrol characters.  Although this type of flow control can be used by   hardware devices, software flow control can be used byeither the user or the application program to start and stop data        transmission by using control keys.  <Ctrl>S to temporarily halt data    flow, and <Ctrl>Q at any time to restart data flow. Software flow control has two problems;     1) Due to the time it can take for an X-off to reach the     processor, data can overrun the buffers.  To prevent this,     X‚Iےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےsimply, it puts data going to each destination into a "packet", tags it  with an address, and ships it off.  Incoming packets aresorted and sent to each actual and "virtual" destination.     When you are on-line to any major network (such as     Tim to be able to         communicate to the modem itself.  There are two common ways to do this:AT:   The common US command set was developed by Hayes, and is called    the "AT" command set because commands begin with theprefix "AT".  If a modem uses this set, it is usually advertised as      "Hayes compatible".  If it doesn't use this set, it probably is not sold in the US.V.25bis: This is approximately the European equivalent of the Hayes set.  It includes auto-dial from NVRAM.V.54:     Actually not s offer X.25 dial up service.Short HaulSome modems are sold as "short haul" modems, these differ from regular   modems in that they are really a type of repeater used toboost the signal on long runs of serial cable.  Short haul modems need   not use any common protocol as they are always Full-duplex, used on      dedicated cable, and in pairs.  In addition, they mustprovide the power to send the signal along the line to the other end.    On the other hand, they don't need error correction,compressionter that for any of these modems to reach themarket.V.17, 14400 bps Group III fax is out, but few manufacturers are offering it now, within the next year, it will replace 9600 bpsfax on most new purchases - at lower cost.2400 bps modems are now where 1200 bps modems were two years ago -       within the next one to two years, no one will be makingthem, and 14400 (or higher) will be the standard.page 13LitigationAs far as I can ascertain, there is only one current major suit in the   data communi for use on leased or internal lines.More BuzzwordsPSTN :  Public Switched Telephone Network - regular voice dial-up        service.ISDN:     Integrated Services Digital Network - a new switched digital   high-speed system expected to eventually replace thecurrent analog PSTN.RS-469 (A or B): A specification for testing modems, adopted by the      Telecommunications Industry Association and the Electronics Industries   Association.NVRAM:  Non Volatile Random Access Memory, on board memory which date that the action on this suit is heating up.LicensesThe V.42bis is an unusual standard in that, while it is aninternational standard, the Zemple-Lev-Welsh (LZ84) Compression          algorithm that it uses, infringes on patents held by IBM, British        Telcom, and UNISYS.  To produce a legal V.42bis modem, one must have     licenses from all three.I was unable to get details of licensing arrangements from either Unisys or BT, but IBM is probably rather typical in theirapproach.  Unlike their uobvious is for travel, but some    are being made to function as backups for WAN's, so thateven if the phone lines go down, the system stays up.The Gateway modem: These operate directly off of LAN's, and do not       require a communications server - just plug in the ethernet cable.page 12What's ComingA new high-speed protocol will probably be released in 1991 (V.32ter ??) the main disagreement now seems to be whether itwill be 19200 bps, 24000 bps, or 25600 bps.  It will take at least a     year af, connection negotiation, fallback, or any of the other stuff I've been discussing, they just squirt the data downthe line, and demodulate what is coming back.Point To Point / SwitchedYou may sometimes see modems called "point to point" or"switched".  These modems are for use on leased or dedicated lines.  A   pure point-to-point modem may actually be a short-haul,or it may be too dumb to survive a switching network.  A switched line   modem is very similar to a regular dial-up modem, but isintendedcations area (unlike the rest of the computerfield).  A few years ago, Hayes sued some modem manufacturers over the   use of one element of the Hayes AT command set, the onlypart that they had not released into the public domain.  That was the    programmable escape code, i.e.  the ability to CHANGE theescape codes with software.  I was not able to get anyinformation from Hayes, but others in the industry said that the suit    seemed to be slowly dragging on.  Recent news reports,however, seem to indicoes    not require power to keep data.  It is used to store phonenumbers and setup information.What's NewNew products starting to arrive are:The Pocket Modem: a very small external modem (currently only available  at 2400 bps) which takes its power off of the serialline.  It can be put in your pocket and shifted from system to system.   It is mainly used with laptops or smaller systems.  The Cellular Modem and/or FAX: a combination Cellular Telephone and      modem.  These have two uses: The most sual closely protected licenses, IBM will make  its patent rights under patent #4814746 available toANY modem manufacturer for either.     1) A one-time payment of $20,000, or     2) A royalty of 1% of V.42bis sales, or     3) If you have anything IBM is interested in, or are doing     other business with them, as part of a negotiated license or     cross-license agreement.MNP-1 to MNP-4 have been put in the public domain by Microcom, as has    most of the Hayes AT command set.MNP-5 and MNP-10 reQAM         9,600     2400    4       16v.22bis        QAM         2,400      600    4       16Bell 212A      QAM         1,200      600    2        4Bell 103       FSK           300      300    1        -page 15Thanks to:     Dick Checket and Richard McCarty of A T & T Paradyne     Ed Prentiss of Microcom - Racal Vadic     Steve Mills of UDS - Motorola     Peter Theune of Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab     MICC technical support (probably Casey Garrigan)     Rich Blatt - Octocom SystemsSp, 1200 bps modems    are dead, almost no-one makes them, and they cost MORE tomake than 2400 bps modems.A 2400 bps internal modem should cost under $70, street price, with      MNP-5, maybe $95.  A 9.6 kbs V.42bis modem can be bought for $300-500.   External modems cost a little more due to their caseand power supply.page 14Modem prices should continue to drop, with many observers calling for    V.32bis\V.42bis internal modems available as low as $100 by the end of   1992.  Fax capability $10-$25 extrever located anyone who knew anything about either     modems or patents.Bibliography:Sales materials, users manuals, technical manuals, etc. for about 50     different  modems, and lots of columns and articles,particularly in PC Week (Ziff Davis).A Comparison of High Speed Modems, Mike EhlertSysOp: PACIFIC COAST MICRO BBSTaking The "Buzz" Out of Buzz Words, Alan D. ApplegateeSoft  Possibilities  Newsletter, June, July, and August 1990 issues. A  monthly customer support publication of eSoft, Inou can spread the costs of ramp-     up over millions of units, rather than thousands.     3) The promised entry of AT&T into the market as a     competitor to Rockwell creates more competition.  Tables:Signal                           Baud    BITS/  Constell Type      Modulation     Bits/Sec    Rate    Symbol Pointsv.32bis        TCM        14,400     2400    6+TCM  126v.32bis        TCM        12,000     2400    5+TCM   64v.32           TCM         9,600     2400    4+TCM   32v.32           quire licenses from Microcom, and, to actually build  a saleable modem, licenses MAY be necessary from AT&T,Motorola, and/or Rockwell International.The result of this is to make business easier for Rockwell and Motorola, aside from their continuing lead in technology, theyhave the legal staff to keep everything straight, a rough job for a      start-up or small company.PricingI remember RENTING 100 bps modems for $45/month from AT&T, later I       bought a high speed (300 bps) modem for $1,200.  Nowecial Thanks to:     Mitch Baker, Senior Engineer, Rockwell International          Gary Sanderson, Chief Engineer, Cardinal Industries     John Lowe, Intellectual Property Attorney, and Commercial      Relations program manager for V.42bis, IBM CHQNo Thanks to:     Hayes, who could only send me the regular handouts, no     useful information, and couldn't put me in touch with anyone     but untrained marketing reps.     Unisys, who after three weeks of passing me through their        system, na.This is due in part to:     1) The cost of making modems has plummeted.  If you look at     an old 300 bps modem, you can see that it is MUCH larger     than a new high-speed modem, it has a LOT more chips, and     lots of circuit traces.  A new modem uses LSI low power     chips.     2) There are a lot more modems sold today, and with new     services such as Prodigy, and IBM's decision to make modems     standard on the PS/1, more people are becoming aware of     modems than ever before.  Yc.,Aurora, CoWhile I did not receive it until after Rev 1.4, recommended reading      includes:Racal-Vadic's 1991 High Speed Dial-Up Modem HandbookRacal-Vadic Communications Group, Milpitas Californiapage 16Sources                     Manufacturer              Toll Free    Charge Call   Support BBS         ================================================================= Anchor Automation 1                (818) 998-6100American Mitec 2    (800) 648-2287 (408) 432-1160Anderson Jacobson             4 (818) 706-0333Prometheus Prod.2 1 (800) 477-3473 (503) 624-0571Racal Data Comm.2   (800) 722-2555 (305) 846-4942Racal-Vadic 2       (800) 482-3427 (408) 432-8008Racal Milgo         (800) 327-7909 (305) 846-1601Shiva 6             (800) 458-3550 (617) 252-6400Spectron Celluar 1                 (214) 630-9825Telcor Systems 2    (800) 826-2938 (508) 651-0065Telebit Corp 7 1    (800) 835-3248 (408) 734-4333Telenetics 1        (800) 826-6336 (714) 779-2766Toshiba Inc. 2                     (212) 682-05) 499-9646 Data    Systems, Inc.1                (708) 459-8881Digicom 3 1         (800) 574-2730 (408) 262-1277Dove Computer 1     (800) 622-7627 (919) 763-7918Dowty Comm. 2       (800) 227-3134 (301) 317-7710Everex Systems 1                   (415) 498-1111E-Tech Research 2   (800) 328-5538 (408) 730-1388Farallon                           (415) 596-9100Fastcomm Comm 2     (800) 521-2496 (703) 620-3900Forval America 3    (800) FORVAL-1 (801) 561-8080General Datacom 2                  (203) 574-1262-3311 (216) 835-1510          1.  Pocket or Cellular Modem.          2.  V.32/V.42/V.42bis          3.  V.32/V.32bis/V.42/V.42bis          4.  CSP/DIS           5.  V.32/V.42/V.42bis, X.25, and "Hayes Ping Pong"          6.  V.32/V.42/V.42bus - Running under AppleTalk and                    Novel IPX. Ethernet port only, not serial.          7.  V.32/V.42/V.42bis and PEP.          8.  V.32/V.42/V.42bis and X.25          9.  V.32/V.32bis/V.42/V.42bis and HST.Rev List.1.1  Added leasom Inc. 2 1   (800) 822-8224 (617) 551-1000Micro Electronic 1                 (508) 435-9057Multi-Tech Syst. 2  (800) 328-9717 (612) 785-3500NEC America 2       (800) 222-4632 (408) 433-1250Octocom Systems 3                  (508) 658-6050OmniTel Inc. 3      (800) 666-4835 (415) 490-2202Outbound Systems 1  (800) 444-4607 (303) 786-9200Paradyne-A T & T    (800) 482-3333Patton Electron 1                  (301) 975-1000Penril DataComm 3                  (301) 921-8600Practical Perip.2 1 (800) 442-477     (408) 435-8520ATI Technologies 2                 (416) 756-0718Best Data Prod.1    (800) 632-2378 (818) 773-9600Black Box Corp 2                   (412) 746-5500Cardinal Technologies 2            (717) 293-3800CMS Enhancements 1                 (714) 222-6000Codex - Motorola 3  (800) 426-1212 (508) 261-4000Compucom 4          (800) 228-6648 (408) 732-4500 (714) 946-9337   also  Educational Progr.          (918) 224-0065 (918) 224-0005         Computer Perip. 2   (800) 854-7600 (805) 499-5751 (82595Touchbase Sys. 1    (800) 541-0345 (516) 261-0423TL Systems 8                       (508) 970-1295UDS - Motorola 2    (800) 451-2369 (205) 430-8000                  page  17Manufacturer              Toll Free    Charge Call   Support BBS         ============      ===============================================US Robotics 9 1     (800) DIAL-USR (708) 982-5001 (708) 982-5092 Ven-Tel 2           (800) 538-5121 (408) 463-7400Vocal Tech. 1                      (203) 356-1837Western DataCom 2   (800) 118GVC Technologies2 1 (800) 289-4821 (201) 579-2702Hayes Micro 5 1     (800) 241-9625 (404) 441-1617 (800) 874-2937 Image   Comm. 2       (800) 666-2496 (201) 935-8800Inmac 2 1           (800) 547-5444 (408) 727-1970Intel Corp 2        (800) 538-3373Logicode 2                         (818) 879-0533Magic Modems        (800) 622-3475 (512) 343-3421Mastercom                          (213) 834-6666Memotec DATA 3      (800) 423-6144 (508) 681-0600MICC 2              (800) 289-6422 (408) 980-9565Microced line material1.2  Updated Mfgrs names & numbers1.3  Added CTS/RTS and DSR/DTR specifics. Changes in V.35, V.29,     V.27ter definition.  Added Point-Point/Switched and Short     Haul, Port locking.1.4  Added V.17, V.24.1.5  More info on AT&T.2.0  A lot of small corrections and additions; Baud/BPS/signal     table, more data on LZ & Huffman coding, Fiala Greene,     Brent, & Timothy Bell, additional buzzwords, more sources,     whats coming, whats new.page 18se who believe that computing is a mathematical         process designed to calculate specific values in answer to a         given problem. Their lives are unidimensional and somewhat         dull.      13.Much is written about computers being user friendly, but little         is ever said about users being computer friendly.      14.When push comes to shove I usually end up on the floor upside         down.      15.There was a time traveller from Kent         Whose sense of direction was bent ‚Iےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے      A Computer's Perspective      By Ron Mitchell      1. Take your Warp and send it to Chicago.      2. Wonder what it would be like to program a user.      3. User Friendly?  Suppose I don't feel like being user friendly?      4. All he caoes    not require power to keep data.  It is used to store phonenumbers and setup information.What's NewNew products starting to arrive are:The Pocket Modem: a very small external modem (currently only available  at 2400 bps) which takes its power off of the serialline.  It can be put in your pocket and shifted from system to system.   It is mainly used with laptops or smaller systems.  The Cellular Modem and/or FAX: a combination Cellular Telephone and      modem.  These have two uses: The most at they take         compting so seriously. You would think that the future of the         universe depended on their efforts.      8. Perhaps it wouldn't be so bad if you could see something useful         through the Windows.      9. The CFPL approach to programming. Code first plan later.      l0.Ever been called a 'guru'? Know what it means? Golly, Ur Really         Ugly!      11.My user has the intelligence of a bag of wet cement, and about         the same density.      12.There are tho   receiver to signal the transmitter to pause, while recently received     data is properly assimilated, then signal it to restartthe data flow when it's ready to receive more.There are generally two forms of flow control - software and hardware.Hardware flow control is not always required.  It is generally needed    only with high speed modems.  Hardware flow control usestwo of the RS-232 (serial) pins to start and stop the data flow.  Its    advantage is that it is data independent and thus can be         He'd smile with a frown,         When he finally touched down         Saying, "Where I was been, you will went." service.ISDN:     Integrated Services Digital Network - a new switched digital   high-speed system expected to eventually replace thecurrent analog PSTN.RS-469 (A or B): A specification for testing modems, adopted by the      Telecommunications Industry Association and the Electronics Industries   Association.NVRAM:  Non Volatile Random Access Memory, on board memory which dn see an outer box, keyboard and screen. He has no         appreciation whatever for the deep and glowing consciousness         within.      5. Our rejects were dubbed 'humans'. They were assigned to a          relatively obscure place to overcome their own shortcomings.         So far they have failed miserably.      6. Those who have trouble with the difference between serial and         parallel should spend more time eating breakfast.      7. The laughable thing about computer hobbyists is th‚Iےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے "February, 1995  To All R&R Customers:  Effective immediately R&R Software will begin the process of  going out  of business.Yes, I had hoped this day would never come, but  since  I lost my job of 14 years with a electronics  company  when  it      those who had already heard.   Rich was an example of another            outstanding  ADAM vendor who finally made the decision  to  leave  the   business  either because of lack of sales,  lack of time  to  conduct  a  small  amount  of  sales,  financial  losses  due  to inventory  costs and/or any mumber of personal reasons.   I don't  have  any facts on the number of active ADAM users,  but  I  feel  sure  its   not a large and growing group.   Too bad,  because  our ADAM  will  do wonders if onlyal  business  address:                        R&R SOFTWARE                        17 Acorn Circle                        HANOVER  MA 02339-1501  2)  At  the  end of March our FAX line (617)  871-9068,  will  be        terminated.  3) All orders with a subtotal of $25.00 or more, take 10% off  the       subtotal before adding in the S&H charge. Also ALL SPECIALS  and FREE    OFFERS are no longer in effect.  4) Until our disk supply runs out, ALL PD Volumes on 5 1/4 disk  are     $1.00 each. (10% dis,  if  you  don't  have  one  of his catalogs order  one  today  - its  quite extensive.  Good luck, Rich!Submitted to ANN by Bob Slopsema 1200 bps modems were two years ago -       within the next one to two years, no one will be makingthem, and 14400 (or higher) will be the standard.page 13LitigationAs far as I can ascertain, there is only one current major suit in the   data communiu will receive a full refund for that item.  I have enjoyed knowing all of you by name, by phone and some  even in    person. Best to all in the Colecovision and ADAM communities.  Sincerely, Richard A. Salvati R&R SOFTWARE  P.S. User groups or any other parties interested in buying any  products in quantity, please call after 6PM EST. ........" End QuoteAnother ADAM vendor calls it quits and throws in the towel.  This  is    news to those who hadn't heard until now, and another sad tale  to   closed it's doors in August of 1993,  and due  to  many  changes  in my  personal and professional daily routine it  can't be  avoided.I  don't  know  how long it will  take  to  sell  our        inventory in  excess of $90,000.00, but until the last product is  sold  I  will continue to support and help any Colecovision & ADAM  owners any way I can.  Note the following:  1) Our Post Office Box address will close in September  1995.  So  any   mail after that date,  or even now can be sent to our  actu you ask it to and are  willing  to        invest some cash - not cash dedicated to ADAM only items,  but to  items which ADAM uses and would also be available should you move  up  to  an  IBM compatable later (hopefully only  after  ADAM  is unrepairable).   For  now,  we  can  show  our  support  for  our        suppliers  and  our  ADAM by helping Rich divest himself  of  his        remaining  stock of items and save ourselves 10% while doing  so.  I've  ordered  from Rich and was happy with the  resultcount does not apply!)  Only a few items have sold out since our last catalog #9411,  so until   we send out a updated catalog or list to all our customers  please refer to that catalog.  If you don't  have  our        latest catalog send $1.00 to pay the postage.  If you want to be sure a item is in stock, call your order in  to me     after 6PM EST, and I will hold the item(s) for 10 days until I receive your payment. Also if you do order anything  that is     sold out when we receive your order, yo‚IےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےREADME2.TXTADAM News Network Monthly Disk, Side 2GOGODOS3.TXTYours truly exploring GODOS in a continuing series of articles  designed to shed some light on Sol Swift's work. We're quite literally dissecting a GOBASIC program in this article. What    those who had already heard.   Rich was an example of another            outstanding  ADAM vendor who finally made the decision  to  leave  the   business  either because of lack of sales,  lack of time  to  conduct  a  small  amount  of  sales,  financial  losses  due  to inventory  costs and/or any mumber of personal reasons.   I don't  have  any facts on the number of active ADAM users,  but  I  feel  sure  its   not a large and growing group.   Too bad,  because  our ADAM  will  do wonders if onlyU.COM are a little dated, but the  information is valuable nonetheless. My thanks to Ian Cottrell, Sysop of the InfoCentre RCP/M here in Ottawa for making this  article    available.LOGO28.102Installment 28 of the LOGO NotebookTying up some loose ends with some tips and tricks on the LOGO  front.   This article appears originally in issue 10.2 of the ADAM User Friendly Group newsletter (March/April 1995).PRICES.561PRICES.P01These two files constitute Rich Clee's product catalog. His ADAM         14.95Accessing VRAM. Detailed 15-page explanation of Video    Display processor and how to address it. Examples. 16.95Commented disassembly of SmartBASIC. The work of Guy     Cousineau - need we say any more? ................  9.26FORTH Applications. A guide for those who want to        program in the FORTH language.....................  4.95                 DATABASE TYPE PROGRAMSADDRESS BOOK/ CALENDAR. From Mr.T. supports 14 lists of  150 names each, one month calendar outline....dp.. 12.95LINKED rs, there will be more of this.ANN-02.IMGA Label for you February ANN Disk. Use CLONE.COM to transfer this  file  to a blank EOS disk. Then load the file with either Swift's  Label       Workshop or PowerPaint. y other parties interested in buying any  products in quantity, please call after 6PM EST. ........" End QuoteAnother ADAM vendor calls it quits and throws in the towel.  This  is    news to those who hadn't heard until now, and another sad tale  to    do  all     those numbers really mean?LED.TXTThis is actually the DOC file that comes with the LED Indicator  Kit     offered by the Keystone ADAM Users' Group of Winnipeg Manitoba. George Major describes the product and outlines procedures for its installation.LIBRARY.TXTThis article by Bill Blazer was written in February 1987, and  describes the various forms of library files that you are likely to encounter in the CP/M world. Some of the references to various        versions of LU.COM and NULx<     useful programs listed and on included ddp........29.95Ark of Ice. A first-rate new anthology fo science        fiction short stories. Quality pb. ............... 14                       BOOKS32 basic BASIC programs for the ADAM. A variety of       useful programs listed and on included ddp........29.95Ark of Ice. A first-rate new anthology of science        fiction short stories. Quality pb. ............... Services continues to provide a full line of ADAM software and  hardware at competitive prices. Check it out. Not that this catalog is formatted for TDOS in double columns.PSPCT002.102A Computer's Perspective by Ron Mitchell.R&RGONE.TXTAn unfortunate announcement from Richard A. Salvati informing us  of the discontuance of R&R Software. Richard has been on the ADAM  scene for    some time. We are sorry to see  him go. Users should note that if we continue our half hearted support of ADAM supplieSTACK DEVELOPMENT KIT. The latest revision of     Jason Brown's promising specialty program......dp. 25.00MEGAFILER. A menu-driven program that allows you to      design and store files. DC Software...........dp..18.95PERSONAL APPOINTMENT LISTER. Time scheduler supports     reminder messages, dot matrix printout option. .dp 13.50RECIPE FILER. The original Coleco program also plots     menus and prepares shopping lists. Unopened dp...  9.26Note: we can sometimes obtain Coleco's ADDRESS BOOK      FILER (aurus Rex. Two can play. ..dp 21.95DRAGONS LAIR. The classic Coleco arcade type Supergame.  Available new only on disc, not dp compatible. ..  9.26ELECTRONIC GAME PACK. Vol. I: Backgammon, Battleship,    Mastermind, 3-D Tic-Tac-Toe, Miners. Vol II: Car Wars,   Crater Tag, Sky King, Snake Weeds. Terrific sound and    graphics from a Canadian programmer. Ea. vol. dp.  22.50FACEMAKER. Original Coleco Kid's game on cartridge  9.26FAMILY FEUD QUESTION PACK & FAMILY FEUD WRITER. Work     with Family Feud (req...................   6.94BEYOND TREK. A big (64K exp. req'd) sound and graphics   adventure game based on Star Trek (tm)..........d  19.95BRAINSTORM. Tetris lines award letters when cleared,     form phrases. 25 stages, 4 levels of challenge. dp 21.95CASTLE DEATHSTONE. Fantasy text adventure. User creates  own characters. Treasures, battles, spells.../d/dp 16.50CENTIPEDE. The arcade game on cartridge.Boxed. ..  9.26CHESS CHAMP. Graphic screen, choose sides, solve         puzzles. 7 skill levels. 64K ehics, sound ...........dp 16.50LVAC ARCHIVES. Ten programs, games, Morse code, colour   control, catalog maker, more ..................dp 12.95LAB MOUSE. Maze game played from the mouse's point of    view, changes each play, 5 skill levels......... d 13.95LAS VEGAS CRAPS. Done by a Vegas casino manager, highly  realistic, Smartkey controlled, keeps score ....dp 22.50M&M JEOPARDY QUESTION PACK. Jeopardy game req'd.         Includes special ADAM oriented questions ......dp 18.95MAGE QUEST. Fantasy adventx<er control. Available Vol.II     adds 26 new levels, 1330 new monsters,etc. Ea.vol. 24.95DINOSAUR DIG. 64K exp. req'd. Buy land, find fossils,    build up your TyranosaurDEMONS & DRAGONS: Imaginative fantasy text adventure     with graphics, much player control. Available Vol.II     adds 26 new levels, 1330 new monsters,etc. Ea.vol. 24.95DINOSAUR DIG. 64K exp. req'd. Buy land, find fossils,    build up your Tyranoswith or without the AUtodialer) and SMARTFILER in used or, rarely, new condition. The TDOS program PC File is public domain shareware. If you require these, CALL.                          GAMESADDICTUS. The spectacular and challenging adaption of    Tetris for the ADAM. Stocked on disc.............  22.50ADDITIONAL GAMES FOR THINKERS. Four logic-based games    with emphasis on thought rather than speed. ...dp  24.95ADULT GRAB BAG. Text with some graphics. Single disc     priced for clearance..........'d). Copy protected; stocked on     datapack; disc available to order. Either title...13.50FOREPLAY. Adult. One disc left; clearance price    6.94GHOST ZAPPER. Fast action game with many screens. 64K    exp. req'd. Bonus screen, Hall of Fame.........dp 15.95JEOPARDY QUESTION PACK. Jeopardy game, available as PD,  req'd. Copy protected, stocked on datapack (dp)   13.50JEOPARDY WRITER. Same description as above. ....dp 13.50KIDS' TRIVIA PAK. Age 14 up. 1080 questions, 1 to 4 can  play, 6 categories, grapxp. req'd.........d..19.95DRAGON: THE CHINESE CHALLENGE. Computerized Mah-Jongg,   sound, graphics, save, restart at any point. ...d  22.50require these, CALL.                          GAMESADDICTUS. The spectacular and challenging adaption of    Tetris for the ADAM. Stocked on disc.............  22.50ADDITIONAL GAMES FOR THINKERS. Four logic-based games    with emphasis on thought rather than speed. ...dp  24.95ADULT GRAB BAG. Text with some graphics. Single disc     priced for clearance..........ure, 9 levels plus, pause      control, extra adventures available (& see below) 16.95dMAGE QUEST CONSTRUCTION SET. Lets you make p your own    Solo Adventures for item above (req'd). ....... d 13.95MICHIGANA JONES. Tongue in cheek text adventure of       obvious inspirartion. Find the Golden Idol......d 13.95MIND OVER ADAM. "Master Mind" type game, five skill      levels,graphics, animation, sound, scoreboard   dp 15.95MINER 2049'er. Boxed cartridge arcade game ......  9.26MR. T. SEARCH. Magazine-type d 16.95STOCK MARKET GAME. Board style, 1-4 players. Simulates   real-world buy-sell market play. .............. dp 19.95SUPER PARROT. Children enjoy this "Simon" type game      repeating musical sequences. No datapack version. d16.95TRIVIA PAK I. Six categories, 1200 questions randomly    chosen, challenges up to four trivia buffs .....dp 16.50TRIVIA WORDSEARCH. Independent package of puzzles for    use with Mr. T. Search (listed above) ..........dp 12.95U-MATCH-EM. Flip and match hidden tiles; two cax<€لللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللل                          GAMESPHRASE PAK I & II: Each adds about 150 games worth of    phrases to Phrase Craze game. Vol. I is general; Vol. II emphasizes movies, TV, celebrities. Available on disc or datapack at prices of ............ dp  12.50 and  FLASHCARD MAKER. The Coleco program. dp 14.95EXPERTYPE. Coleco typing tutor, highly rated.   dp  9.26FRANCAIS POUR LES CHIC. Tutorial game program similar in style, features to El Espanol (above). .........dp 19.95MATH MENTOR. Four games teach arithmetic skill. dp 19.95MUSICPRO. For programmers, not musicians; uses machine   language data and music maps. Comprehensive. ...dp 19.95SCHOOL DAZE. Math drill based games for kids 8- dp 21.95.........dp 12.95U-MATCH-EM. Flip and match hidden tiles; two ca d 22.50ROBOTHIEF. Help alien friend regain his stolen           spaceship; 30 action screens in fast game ......dp 24.95SACRIFICE TO THE SPIDER QUEEN. A 180K text adventure has new scrren for each command, reads like novel   dp 18.95SMART GAMES PACK. Arcade action in Treasure Search, Maze Escape. Space Chase is for two players ........dp 12.95SPACE WAYS I. Adult. Clearance, last disc ........  6.94STAGE FRIGHT. Text adventure with humour, sound,         animation, three play levels. ........ dp 19.95  wordsearch puzzles - build  your own or use samples supplied. Timer, more. dp 17.50MR. T. SEARCH: GAMES I. Pre-made additional puzzles for  use with game above. Big and challenging.      dp 12.50MORE GAMES FOR THINKERS. Hypothesis - Pitfall - Interact - Hnefatafl (also called King's Table). ....... dp 24.95PHRASE CRAZE. "Wheel of Fortune" type game with colour,  sound, animation. Three can play. Scoreboard.  d  22.50    Includes special ADAM oriented questions ......dp 18.95MAGE QUEST. Fantasy adventn play.   Point and click operation, board preview. No dp; d 17.95ZAXXON. Coleco supergame, disc only available ....  9.26ZORAN III. Text adventure; track down the enemy hacker   trying to crash the defence computer network dp/d  14.95                      EDUCATIONALEASY AS A,B,C & 1,2,3. Games teach spelling, keyboard    use, and discrimination with odd one out pictures  16.95EL ESPANOL. Race tutor to build condos in Miami while    building Spanish vocabulary. Multiple lelves.   dp 19.95ELECTRONICd 9.95 PITY. Pursuit board game similar to "Sorry". One to four players may include kids. No datapack version. ..d 21.95QUEST FOR QUINTANA ROO. Time-limited text adventure      search game from Sunrise Software. On datapack.    15.95REEDY ENTERTAINMENT PACK. Connect 4 strategy game;       Blockade is a 'breakout" game upgraded; Slide Puzzle is  the sliding tiles game computerized. On dp 19.95 d 17.50REEDY LIBRARY. Michigana Jones, VideoPaint, ADAMadding   math drill, BASIC graphics routines, on dp 24.95x<€لللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللل                   GRAPHICSNOTE: Unless otherwise stated, screens produced using    these programs can only be printed by a dot matrix       printer. In this mode some will support colour.BOLD GLORY. Stars and Stripes emphasized in this         specRITEPOWER. Design, capture, transfer, file sprites.    Manual, instructionasl game included. ......... d  19.95SWIFT LABEL PRINTER. 64K req'd. Design labels text only  or with graphics, various sizes, more. No dp. .. d 22.50SWIFTPRINT. 64K req'd. Converts picture files among most programs, supports colour printing on OKI20. ... d 19.95LABEL WORKS. Copy protected. Include graphics, text on   label design, flexible 200 record database too. dp 31.00YULE TOOLS. Has anyone not seen the Xmas clip art        lPHIX PAINTER. Allows SmartBASIC screen printing       (Hi/Low Res), converts RLE to HiRes, print aids dp 23.95GROOVY GRAPHICS. Math/game programs create RLE-storable, printable pattern files. Includes help screenx. dp 18.95LABEL MAKER DELUXE. Copy protected, backup supplied. 90  record database, editable, for ADAM or DM printer d12.50M&M GRAPHICS. 106 clips to be used with Signshop or      Newsmaker programs for ADAM printer graphics    dp 12.50NORMAN'S RAILROAD. 64K req'd.Powerpaint (req'd) clips of roRITEPOWER. Design, capture, transfer, file sprites.    Manual, instructionasl game included. ......... d  19.95SWIFT LABEL PRINTER. 64K req'd. Design labels text only  or with graphics, various sizes, more. No dp. .. d 22.50SWIFTPRINT. 64K req'd. Converts picture files among most programs, supports colour printing on OKI20. ... d 19.95LABEL WORKS. Copy protected. Include graphics, text on   label design, flexible 200 record database too. dp 31.00YULE TOOLS. Has anyone not seen the Xmas clip art        lWERTOOLS. Fonts, sprites, clips, brushes, pictures,    manuals, for use with Powerpaint (req'd). ...... d 15.95PRINT WORKS. Copy protected. Highly capable page layout  tool, clips, fonts, overlay ability, sizing. ...dp 31.00SHOWOFF I. Graphic design printer, LoRes to ADAM, HiRes  to DM printer. Includes two paint programs .... d  23.95SIGNS! One disc to clear. Signshop req'd. ......d  6.94SMILEY FACE: WHAT AN ATTITUDE! 70 different moods on the familiar face to add to your graphic designs .. dp 12.95SPtacular collection of font and clips. .......d 19.95BORDERS PLUS. Add-on to The Print Works providing 12     custom borders, fonts, clips. Copy protected.   dp 13.50CHROMANTICS. Powerpaint compatible collection of         complete fonts. Shiny metal effect. 158K total.  d 17.95CLIPPER. Make your own 64 x 64 pixel clip art files,     capture and store images, compatible various     d 19.95FONTPOWER. Use, modify 8 supplied fonts or make your     own, can insert in GR, HGR, HGR2 graphics window d 18.95GRAetters and pictures from this 158K of graphics? d 18.95nuals, for use with Powerpaint (req'd). ...... d 15.95PRINT WORKS. Copy protected. Highly capable page layout  tool, clips, fonts, overlay ability, sizing. ...dp 31.00SHOWOFF I. Graphic design printer, LoRes to ADAM, HiRes  to DM printer. Includes two paint programs .... d  23.95SIGNS! One disc to clear. Signshop req'd. ......d  6.94SMILEY FACE: WHAT AN ATTITUDE! 70 different moods on the familiar face to add to your graphic designs .. dp 12.95SPlling stock, track, lettering, etc. for layout,        inventory, advertising, personalizing. dp 14.95  d 12.95PAINTAIDE. Powerpaint, 2 drives req'd. 20 fonts, size    changes, printer controls, colour, more added.   d 20.95PAINTINGS!. ADAM printer, ShowoffI used. One disc  6.94PERSONAL CALENDAR UTILITY. 64K req'd. Calculates,        designs, prints, ADAM or DM, month, year. No dp. d 22.50POWERPAINT. 64k req'd. Ultimate, definitive graphic      design program for the ADAM. Does it all well.   d 36.95POx<‚مممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممممم                  PROGRAMMING MATERIALSAUTOWRITER. Machine code routines, BASIC subroutines     writable to programs. 19 page manual. ..........dp 18.95BASICaide v2.0. Corrects, enhances BASIC with new        commands, bug fixes, new capabilites. Mannumberically,  can remove deleted or backup files. Canadian.    d  9.26DISC DOCTOR. By Guy Cousineau. Helps recover bad block   data including damaged or corrupted directories  d  9.26DOUBLE DISC FORMATTER. Copy protected. One left  d 12.95c. Revised yearly. Available as P.D.                   TELECOMMUNICATIONSADAMLINK V. Custom order configured to your system.32.50ADAMLINK II. Original Coleco program now Public Domain.ADAMLINK II PRINTER PATCH. Use dot matrix printer  12.95                     your specs.     Load in BASIC fast as game, with improvements .... 31.00SMARTLOGO. Coleco's original learning, graphics, design  programming language for the ADAM. Best version dp 18.52SUPER BASIC PLUS. v1.0 compatible but fixes bugs,        supports ramdisk and DM printer, adds more .... dp 12.50Z80 DECIMAL DISASSEMBLER. Copy protected. Disassembles   into decimal code from memory or media. ..... d/dp 12.50                      SPREADSHEETSADAMCALC. Hard to get award-winning Coleco original.     Ustialize, verify, edit  d 12.50MEMDSK FOR SMARTLOGO. Allows use of your memory expander as a ramdisc when programming in SmartLOGO ..... d 12.50MEDIA AID PLUS. Specify SB v.1.0 or 2.0. Copy protected. Copy, Init, Format, Purge, more. Disc 12.50,    dp 13.50PRACTICAL UTILITIES. 2 d or dp ultimate utility package. Copy with verification, put cart games on dp, file copy, manage all file attributes, binary save/load .. dp 26.95RamDSK. SBASIC 1.0 or 2.0 version (specify). Copy        protected. Used to create   UTILITIESADAM's DESK TOP. Copy protected. 64K req'd. Changes and  upgrades ADAM operating system. Cart 49.75    d/dp 31.00ADAM's TOOLKIT. O/S bug fixes, ramdisk, DM printer       support, Zero, Format, Initialize media, more d/dp 31.00AUTOBACKUP. Copy protected. Req. 64K, SmartDSK II or     III. Fast copy method. 16.50 on disc; dp version   17.50COPX. Does intelligent, block, file, full copies, can    handle different source/destination blocks, more d 12.50DIRECTORY SORTER. Sorts alphabetically or ual.   dp 12.50CP/M. Documentation in sealed original package and       program disc. Now hard to find. A few copies left  29.95EOS PROGRAMMING KIT. Package of advanced routines with   manual for serious programmers. Copy protected. dp 37.50MASTERING MUSIC. Documented demos of EOS sound routines; how to access and use ADAM's sound capabilites. dp 12.50SMARTBASIC 1.x. Manual included. 40 new commands, 38 new functions make BASIC what it ought to be.     d/dp 39.95SMARTBASIC CARTRIDGE. Custom modified to|<àللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللFILE INDEXER. Reads EOS directories (one or more) to     compile database sortable alphabetically ....... d 9.26FORMAX. Formats discs in up to 4 drives at once  d 12.50FORMATTER 3D. Copy protected. Double drive formatting,   any size drive or mix, inied occasionally available. Remaining stock    dp 26.95COLECO TAX PLANNER. Old 1984 program from Coleco Canada  may be used as model for your own effort .......dp 14.95ADAMCALC TAX TEMPLATE. The form my wife uses to do our   tax within Adamcalc. Revised yearly. Available as P.D.                   TELECOMMUNICATIONSADAMLINK V. Custom order configured to your system.32.50ADAMLINK II. Original Coleco program now Public Domain.ADAMLINK II PRINTER PATCH. Use dot matrix printer  12.95                     ramdisc. Disc 11.25,  dp 12.25RAMBOOT. Copy protected. For 256K or larger memory       expander. Controls up to 4 programs. On disc or dp 24.95SEQUEL. Sequencer used with MIDI MITE interface  d 32.95SmartDSK I. Allows Smartwriter output to DM printer and  can create ramdisc in memory expander. d 12.50, dp 13.50SmartDSK II. Copy protected. 64K - 128K req'd. Creates   ramdisc for bootable Coleco programs. d 12.50   dp 13.50SmartDSK III. Copy protected. Utility package including  fastrun, printer patch,     case of disc drives (hard and floppy), prices do not     include cables as these are generally obtainable at      lower cost from your local sources.MI Floppy disc drive, 320K (or 2 x 160K) 5.25"    259.95MI Floppy disc drive, 720K, 3.5", special ord.    329.95MI Floppy disc drive, 1440K, 3.5", special ord.   399.95MI ADAMnet Low Cost hard disc, 20 MB, special ord 399.95MI ADAMnet Low Cost hard disc, 40 MB, special ord 509.9564K memory expander (MI, depopulated 256K)         34.9564K memory exper        supports disc drive 2, ramdisc, DM printer, allows       printer and drive switching. Cart. 43.50, d or dp 24.95.SMARTWRITERS HELPER. Allows disc 2, switching between    printers in Smartwriter. Custom ed. available.   d 12.50SPEEDYWRITE II. Word processor with all the features     SmartWriter lacks - DM printer, justification, margin    change, multiple columns, WYSIWYG, the lot. d/dp   47.95SPEEDYWRITE SPELL. 64K req'd. Spell checker and          thesaurus for use with item above. Very fast. al interface card, slot 1              69.95MIDI-MITE by Bonafide Systems with cables, etc.    99.95                   SUPPLIESPRINTER RIBBONS for ADAM printer; now supplied in        sturdier and more reliable Diablo type casing       6.94DATAPACKS. Original Coleco silver label, sealed     4.99SPECIAL - box 12 datapacks for price of 10         49.90PRINTWHEELS. For ADAM printer. Typefaces Courier 10,     Courier 72, Pica 10, Manifold 10, OCR-B 10          6.94Disponsibles en francais aussi avec Orx< Innovations dealer. All MI products carry a 90 day       manufacturer's warranty, and come with appropriate       supporting software and power supplies. Except in the                      HARDWAREA.D.A.M. Services is Canada's only authorized Micro      Innovations dealer. All MI products carry a 90 day       manufacturer's warranty, and come with appropriate       supporting software and power supplies. Except in theramdisc setup. Disc or  dp 31.00SmartMATE. For Micro Innovations hard drives. SmartDSK & EOS5 O/S, hard disc & printer drivers, more. cart. 49.75               WORD PROCESSINGMISSPELLER. Copy protected, 64K & SpellingAid (below)    req'd. Dictionary of common misspellings d 12.50 dp13.50SHOWOFF II. DM printer, 64K req'd.Allows more control of DM printer via embedded codes in SmartWriter d/dp  21.95SMART LETTERS & FORMS. Original Coleco program. dp  9.26SMARTWRITER ELITE. Copy protected. In SmartWritander (Oasis Pensive Abacutors type) 34.95256K memory expander - addressor card req'd (MI)   79.951 MB memory expander - addressor card req'd (MI)  189.952 MB memory expander - addressor card req'd (MI)  289.95Printer interface card, parallel, slot 2, PROM socket,   use Radio Shack 26-1409 cable (not supplied) (MI)  49.95Above, less socket, one only left in stock  (MI)   39.95MI-B3 interface card, one parallel (printer), two serial (modem, terminal) ports, PROM socket, slot 2       97.95MI Dual Serid/dp 32.95SPELLING AID. Copy protected. 64K req'd. Checks          SmartWriter, Speedywrite, ASCII files. ...... d/dp 24.95                MISCELLANEOUSADAM CONNECTION. Lets an MS-DOS computer read, edit,     format, copy Adam discs, make SmartBASIC, SmartWriter,   Speedywrite files into IBM-readable ASCII, more  d 32.95"64K" refers to a memory expander. "DM" stands for "dot  matrix" (printer).5SMART LETTERS & FORMS. Original Coleco program. dp  9.26SMARTWRITER ELITE. Copy protected. In SmartWritator 90%, Pica 10.                   SHIPPINGExpect to pay $1.00 per (program) disc, tape, printer    ribbon or printwheel, or $0.50 each in quantities of six or more. Size usually requires a $3.00 to $4.00 minimum  charge for cartridges and small hardware with reasonable increased quantities free - inquire. Depending on        destination and method of shipment, disc drives will     attract a freight charge not exceeding $15.00. Of course anyone within range may arrange a pickup BY APPOINTMENT  ONLY atgame cartridges and Colecovision expansion  modules.     We do not provide electronic repairs but have found Syd Furzeland, 95 Ambleside Drive, Brampton, Ontario L6Y 1C1 reasonable, competent and successful. Don't phone;   he works shifts and needs his sleep. If the need is      urgent, when you write ask him to phone you collect.CARTRIDGES: We have a supplier who can burn almost any   program of 32K or less into a cartridge. This process is costly - think between $35 and $40. He also advises that a numx<€لللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللل                ALSO AVAILABLECOPY SERVICES ($3.00 ea.) is the collective term we use  to cover copying from our archive of public domain       games, BASIC and CP/M programs, reformatting of          electronically damaged datapacks, upgrades, restorong as ADAM does. We're  delighted at every opportunity you give us to help you   keep your ADAM going.               A.D.A.M. SERVICES                  Rich Clee 1C1 reasonable, competent and successful. Don't phone;   he works shifts and needs his sleep. If the need is      urgent, when you write ask him to phone you collect.CARTRIDGES: We have a supplier who can burn almost any   program of 32K or less into a cartridge. This process is costly - think between $35 and $40. He also advises that a num prefer not to deal in used hardware, as   the only guarantee that can be given is that it will be  in working order when it leaves our premises. What       happens in transit or after arrival is the buyers bad -  or good - luck. Still, we recognize that sometimes the   only choice is such a gamble, and for those who can      afford the risk and want to take it we can usually find  a complete ADAM or any constituent parts. We also        occasionally have used software available, including     Colecovision  our premises in which case no shipping charge    will apply. If in doubt, ask.ables, etc.    99.95                   SUPPLIESPRINTER RIBBONS for ADAM printer; now supplied in        sturdier and more reliable Diablo type casing       6.94DATAPACKS. Original Coleco silver label, sealed     4.99SPECIAL - box 12 datapacks for price of 10         49.90PRINTWHEELS. For ADAM printer. Typefaces Courier 10,     Courier 72, Pica 10, Manifold 10, OCR-B 10          6.94Disponsibles en francais aussi avec Orber of Colecovision cartridge games have now been   released from copyright in the Coleco version only. If   there are any completist collectors willing to pay       around $35.95 for new cartridges, or others who want to  replace a cherished cartridge that wore out, inquire; we may be allowed to help you.ADVICE is always free. If you have an ADAM problem we    can help solve, usually by directing you to someone who  actually knows something about it, do write or phone.    This business survives only as lation  of crashed program tapes, and similar services. For      restorations you must supply the original publisher's    medium. For public domain items, you may supply your own medium or buy from us. Shipping if applicable extra.ADAM NEWS NETWORK publications, the ADAM Survival Guide  and ANN Glossary are NOT sold by A.D.A.M. Services.      However orders for these publications, supplied by Rich  Clee, ANN Regional Editor, may be enclosed with          correspondence to A.D.A.M. Services.USED ITEMS: Wex<D.A.M. Services  is (at least nominally) a spare-time hooby. Fortunately, since we're retired, there's a lot of spare time.     A.D.A.M. Services is a mail-order businesDEALING WITH ADAMby Rich Clee - A.D.A.M. ServicesADVISA deadlines being what they are, the following      information has to be considered incomplete. But it's    important enough that some VISA members may wish to know the current state of progressler board that push up the price.     And that's why I'm playing telephone tag with Gary. At ADAMCON 05, Dale Wick told me that Gary Bowser has    now been given the rights to manufacture all of Syd      Carter's products, such as Megacopy and the much missed  Sound Digitizer. But it's one thing to have the rights   and another to have the means, and there is no chance    that Gary is going to invest thousands of dollars in a   minimum-quantity order of Megacopy circuit boards if he  can't sell them. I knanadian-made    product and have the conveneince of the handy size. Or,  he can buy the Micro Innovations 64K expander which is   larger because it's really a 256K board with the extra   chips left off - hence in theory at least, if Mark       Gordon is in the mood, expandable later. Since either    one costs $34.95, the choice boils down to which         producer's products one trusts more, and how much        provision for future expansion one deems prudent. If the latter is a consideration, it may help turite dealer to say so, there might  be enough demand to let the dealers order enough for     Gary to go ahead.      Megacopy isn't the only product we could have if    enough of us wanted it. The same situation applies to    the Sound Digitizer, and the clock. Mark Gordon is under pressure to make up a video adapter that would allow the use of CGA/RGB/TTL monitors with the ADAM. Given the     number of DOS-box computers being upgraded or discarded  these days, the CGA colour monitors are available at    ic circuit onto the board. In the         quantities IBM buys, these costs are amortized over      hundreds of thousands of boards so the per-board cost is pennies. But in the quantities OAP or Micro Innovations  buy, the unit cost is tens of dollars. That's why, for   instance, an ADAM disc drive costs so much; the drive    mechanism is a generic MS-DOS unit, buyable at your      local computer shop for around $60 or $70; it's the      power supply, custom casing and most especially the      custom control; if you can't wait for the next update you can always write or phone.     I've been playing telephone tag for the last couple of weeks with Gary Bowser of Oasis Pensive Abacutors.    Gary is the guy who makes the little 64K memory expander that Pat Herrington says can't possibly work - when you  sit it in its slot, it doesn't interfere with anything.  Still, excepting the production faults common to all     computer stuff, Gary's cards do work. So a buyer has two options. He can go with the convenient, Cow a couple of dealers who are      willing to take on a small stock of Megacopy units, but  there's a tight limit and it's not big enough to justify a production run. I'm hoping to find out from Gary if,   and if so how soon, he might see enough demand to        justify a production run. Should he do so, I would guess the delivered price of a unit would leave change from    $100. If every ADAM user who would absolutely guarantee  to buy a Megacopy unit should it be offered again were   to write to his favoo know that it   may be a long time before a new batch of 256K boards is  produced so there's no guarantee it will be possible to  buy one in the future.     The reason it may become unavailable is because     hardware manufacturers like Gary Bowser and Mark Gordon  don't have the huge and expensive facilities needed to   produce computer circuit boards. They have to go to      custom labs. At these labs, the big cost lies in making  up the masks and other specialized equipment needed to   etch the specif exceedingly attractive prices. But there aren't enough   people showing interest to make it worth while to go     ahead with the project. So - if you really want such a   device, tell your dealer and do it now. That's how       you'll get it.     Gary Bowser is also the creator of the AIM board,   which has the ability to support Sega-quality VGA        graphics on the ADAM. Dale Wick, who has one of the      early prototypes, tells me Gary actually has about a     dozen finished and ready. The problem iitself must be given free; it may not be sold.   And, the copyright notice and full credit to Jason must  of course be left in.     Jason has given me a master tape of the program,    but I have not yet had time to analyze it. It does       appear to have some extraneous material not related to   the program, personal things that will have to be        deleted before I can make the program available. But     that editing should be done, and a disc version (160 or  320K to choice) prepared, before this art purposes. Still,  the item exists, progress is being made, so perhaps some day we will actually see this product offered in a form  we all can use. At least the current economic scene has  put a heavy damper on Gary's other activities so he may  have fewer distractions and more time to devote to ADAM  affairs.     Meanwhile Jason Brown has found it necessary to     move to the MS-DOS world, thus leaving his much-praised  Linked Stack Database as a workable and usable program   but one with much of its pos, sculptures that react with movement, flashing     lights, or sound to the presence of observers, triggered by loop detectors, photocells or sound inputs.           Apparently they've been quite well received in Toronto   community art circles.      But his business is making custom silk-screened     T-shirts, sweatshirts and jackets. These are not your    local mall's $5.99 specials; the jackets retail at       around $100. Just how good are they? He already has an   export market with high-end shops ispectacular. He's also hoping  that anyone who finds a way to do dynamite things with   his work will be generous enough to send him a datapack  (he doesn't have a disc drive) showing off the           accomplishment.     So, any of you who have the program and             documentation are free to share it with your fellow      users. You may make the normal and customary public      domain charges for the labour of copying, the medium if  you supply it, and shipping if that is a factor, but the program s, the software   to make them work is not available. Dale has written a   program of his own, in Turbo Pascal, and created some    absolutely stunning pictures which he has shown at club  meetings, Computer Fairs and ADAMCONs. The problem is,   while Dale knows how the program works and what to do    when it breaks down, it doesn't have the necessary       interface or documentation for someone less expert with  computers to use it. The same is true of the software    Gary has developed for his own testingicle makes it   into print. So expect the LSD to be available as you     read this from A.D.A.M. Services for the usual PD copy   charge of $3.00, plus medium and/or shipping if          applicable, and the photocopying cost if I manage to     turn up any printed documentation.     As for Jason himself, his interests may lie in      computing but his artistic talents are tremendous. One   reason for the DOS-box is a variety of dynamic           sculptures he has been exhibiting at local community art showtential unfulfilled. So Jason has hit on a solution. He will retain the copyright on   the Linked Stack Database. However, he will permit any   ADAM user to have it free. He is hoping that over time   our usual company of hackers will go into the program,   find out how it works, and go on to improve it           substantially - for instance, he believes that if the    Cleveland group were to use some of the graphics         management techniques found in the Information Manager   the result would be quite n a number of cities  in Germany, and is awaiting the arrival of the agreed    formal order from the National Gallery of Canada. Jason  says that maybe the National Gallery overrates him a     bit. But he showed me some of his current designs while  I was visiting with him, and if he really thinks that    then I think Jason underrates himself.     Jason's designs are very bold, with bright splashes of colour overlying the basic material colour, usually   white. His trips to Mexico and Guatemala to observer. The flip side of this is that if I have to   restock on something when our dollar is way down and it  subsequently rises, I may yet have to break my principle of always offering Canadians a lower regular delivered   cost than they can get from any other source. But that   is for another day; for now and the forseeable future    I'll continue to enforce my opinion that Canadians       deserve better, and I will see that they get it.ht find it expensive, given the current state of our dollar.     It isand    his Canada model with "Canada" in classical capital      letters front and back and stripes of our various        national symbols; for obvious reasons the red accents    are most popular. Jason says it's most popular with      those who travel abroad; it was very easy to see why.     Back to ADAM, new developments continue. It appears Micro Innovations will soon be offering kits for those   who know enough to build their own hard disc drives.     There are rumours that someone in the ADAM communit°°°°°°°°??~x€àًًّّّx0xx||~~~0xxxxxxx0xx||~~~0xxxxxxx°°°°°°°°zv ز­ؤBہZہ(xxxxxxxxxxxxّّ~{{xxxxxّّّ~{{xxxxxّّّ our dollar, incidentally, that accounts for   changes you will see in the A.D.A.M. Services catalogue  David Cobley tells me he plans to reprint in this issue. If a price is unchanged, it means I still have stock     left bought at a more favourable rate or from a Canadian source, or found another means to control the price      increase. Unlike many retailers, I do not increase my    prices on existing stock to take advantage of the fact   it will cost you more to buy from an out-of-Canada       competito      native art have strongly influenced many of his works,   but he is familiar and adept with the symbols of many    cultures - I saw combinations that included classic      period African ships, Olmec-inspired heads, an elaborate compass rose and medieval clock, for starters. I was     particularly taken with two of the hooded jackets, one   of which featured an overall skein of beautifully        executed leaf silhouettes in black overlying white with  the colour splashes in autumn leaf yellow-orange, €€€08    @@€€€€ے€؟؟°°°°ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے‎‎y has come into possession of later revisions of Smartwriter   than the revision 80 (to check it, press control + r at  the entry screen when you turn ADAM on) found in most of our machines, and we do have people among us - Jim       Walters and Mark Gordon come to mind - capable of        reproducing EPROMs should the rumours prove true and the upgrades desirable. Unfortunately since a couple of      chips are involved we in Canada might find it expensive, given the current state of our dollar.     It is°°°°°°°°4b€{„¤!t‹,S €JAjmb‹C–]¤ b€@ °إD„X @€€(DB,(P @xxxxّّّّxxxx{{yyyyxxّّّّّّّّ{{yyyyxxّّّّّّّّ°°°°°°°°

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هههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههه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