يEيCfأçü       Initializing Media      :  13 Jun 93 12:20:00   Subject:  Re: announcement              Status:  PublicReceived:  No                             Group:  Adam (1)PE> Thanks for the official welcome, Jim.  We've been looking forward   to this for a LONG time now...As I said, Paul, we're very glad to have you!For  the  benefit of some of the folks who're joined  the  conference   recently, I am posting the "FAQ" message (Frequently-Asked Questions)   as well as a message describing how the ADAM echo originated.Regards,  JiFIRST DIR  پUھے BOOT       گDIRECTORY  طADAMECHOH €COMMENTH  COMPRESSH FILESH    9FUNH      HGORDREVH  WMEMLANEH  _NAT-AUGH  dNEWSTUFFH hPPOUR001H xUKLETTERH €UKNEWSH   ƒVASTH     ٹWAYNTRANH ‘README#2H ”€BLOCKS LEFT–
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ile Request. Generally may be used only       by sysops, or Points. Ask your local sysop for more detail.Q.  Someone  keeps  sending  me mail about a  subject  I  never  even   mentioned.   What gives?   A. Surprise! Surprise! YOU are not the REAL you. (;-). In any      extensive communications system, regardless of your name,      there is likely to be another, and possibly a number of others      with YOUR name. So, these messages are not addressed to YOU.      Ignore them. The REAL (Firstname La‚Hےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے                      MORE ABOUT THE ADAM ECHOThese are instructions about the ADAM ECHO that you will find helpful   if you are new to the system.       To:  Paul Elshoff               Message #:  143    From:  James Young                Submittedm--- FreeMail/QuickBBS 2.80 (Gamma-1 *  Origin:  221B  Baker  Street *  Panama  City  FL  *  904-871-6536   (1:3608/1)=-=-=-=-=-=-=      To:  All                        Message #:  144    From:  James Young                Submitted:  13 Jun 93 12:22:00   Subject:  FAQ                           Status:  PublicReceived:  No                             Group:  Adam (1)[Reposted from the SHAREWARE echo]                 MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONSQ. What is a "FREQ?"   A. "FREQ" stands for Fstname) will recognize  them       and respond.Q. What is "Echomail?   A. Echomail is an exchange of messages among users with similar      interests. Echos are generally presided over by a Moderator,      who is charged with enforcing any rules adopted by that echo,      and seeing that Fidonet (or other network) policy is not      violated. There are a few independent echos which may not      appear on any particular network. These are generally of      local interest only, and appear within a nsidered       shareware.Q.   I downloaded some files with the extension .SDN. Now, I can't     get them into a usable format. What do I do to uncompress them?    A. These  files are compressed by PAK251. You should be  able  to       find  a  copy  on almost any BBS. As  soon  as  ARJ240  becomes       available,  these files will be compressed using that  archive.       Go by the file date, not the calendar date.--- FreeMail/QuickBBS 2.80 (Gamma-1       *  Origin: 221B Baker Street * Panama Ci the area      where posted. Netmail is an exchange between persons. Some      sysops allow users access to netmail - others do not. The      sending of netmail costs money, so arrangements must be made      for payment for these messages. Check with your sysop(s) to      see if you may be given access to netmail.Q.  What are the differences among "shareware," "Public Domain," and      "freeware."  A.  "Shareware"  is  copyrighted software which is  distributed  by       authors   through  bulletwas  invented  and  the Adam echos  were  among  the  first   EchoMail conferences when EchoMail came along in 1985.In late 1988, Bill asked for a volunteer to take over as moderator of   the  ADAM  echo when he got ready to move on to other  things  and  I   volunteered and got the job.Bill  still  operates  a BBS, and his system is  still  a  member  of   FidoNet.   I told him of the interest of some folks in the  beginning   of  the ADAM echo and asked if he would provide us some  comments  on   it. ated the work  "to  the       public domain". Once something is in the public domain,  anyone       can  use  it  in anyway s/he chooses, and  the  author  has  no       control  over  the  use  and  cannot  demand  payment  for  it.       "Freeware"  is  software  to  which  the  author  retains   the       copyright, and sets his own terms for distribution. It is  free       in the sense that no fee for use is required. When a  donation,       rather  than a fee is requested, that is  generally  colimited area. There      are literally hundreds and hundred of these echos, so most      BBS's may carry a relatively limited selection of      conferences. And, remember, although these messages may be      addressed to a specific person, they can be read by all. They      should be on the topic of the conference(echo) and should be      of interest to all.Q. What is netmail?   A. Netmail is similar to echomail, but gives some semblance of      privacy to messages. Echomail may be seen by ALL inty FL  *  904-871-6536       (1:3608/1)      To:  All                        Message #:  145    From:  James Young                Submitted:  13 Jun 93 12:25:00   Subject:  How It All Started...         Status:  PublicReceived:  No                             Group:  Adam (1)The International ADAM EchoMail Conference was begun by Bill  Freads,   from  Toronto,  Ontario,  Canada  (for  those  of  you  who   flunked   geography!)   As  Bill  relates below,  he  actually  started  before   EchoMail  in  boards,  on-line  services,   disk       vendors,  and  copies  passed among  friends.It  is  commercial       software  which you are allowed to try out before you  pay  for       it.  This  conference also includes  discussions  about  public       domain,  or PD software.  "Public domain" has a  very  specific       legal  meaning.  It means that the creator of a work  (in  this       case,  a  piece of software) who had legal  ownership  of  that       work,  has  given up ownership and dedic Here's a lightly-edited version of what he told me.  He mentions   that the ADAM_TEK echo was merged into the ADAM_GEN echo. That merged   echo became known as ADAM.======== FidoNet Netmail Message from 1:12/700 ========Date: 07-05-92  15:04From: Bill FreadsTo:   James YoungSubj: Re: The ADAM EchoWell,  lemme see.  I started when I bought my ADAM machine, I  wanted   to put up a BBS that dealt exclusively with ADAM related material, so   after  many  frustrating  hours with Coleco, here and in  thIL SYSTEM kindly supplied  to   UKAS  by Guy Cousineau when he heared we were "ECHOLESS". As you  can   see,  you  can  have  your questions answered  and  you  can  receive   information not only from the addressee but from anyone who reads the   message.  That way you are bound to get at least one answer  to  your   enquiries.      To:  Ena Greenshields           Message #:  34    From:  Guy Cousineau              Submitted:  18 May 93 17:07:00 Subject:  Adam Echo                     Status:  Publicd   ADAM_GEN  were  the  very first  echomail  connections  made  between   USA/Canada.The  rest is history. I would get many of the ADAM  related  programs   from  Tony's  Corner in Illinois. Questions were asked  and  answered   here.  Syd (???)(forgotten his full name) was the Techy for the  ADAM   machine, he would answer questions from here and the US, but, we were   the only totally ADAM BBS here in Canada as well. So, eventually, you   hooked up as well, but there was another ADAM board in Chicago,nt....GuyOne  of my messages to you concerned a member of mine who applied  to   MTAG  via a free membership voucher which I won at the last  ADAMCON.   To  date, Dez Marchant is still waiting for his first newsletter.  Is   there  anything  you can do or if Ena Greenshields is  listning,  she   might be able to help. Thanks Keith -+- +  Origin:  Infotel  BBS  - Redhill,  UK  HST  DS+  [+44-737-766027]   (2:252/206)Ena...would   appreciate  your  looking  into  this  situation   with   MTAG....Guy__med the most interested person in it,  so   you got it, while I moved on to other things.Hope  this  gave you a little insight on how the areas  started.  The   ADAM_TEK echo was amalgamated into the ADAM_GEN area because of  lack   of  participation from the local ADAM clubs and their  promoting  the   board.--- FreeMail/QuickBBS 2.80 (Gamma-1 * Origin: 221B Baker Street * Panama City FL * 904-871-6536 (1:3608/1)                       =-=-=-=- oOo =-=-==-=-=Here are a few messages from the ECHO MAe  US,  I   decided  to go via another machine and created the ADAM_Net,  (change   from  the  clubs of that time). I created local areas  for  ADAM_TEK,   ADAM_GEN,   and  ADAM_PRG. I used to call another board  in  the  US,   Tony's  Corners  in  Net  120 (still there),  so  when  Echomail  was   invented,  Tony asked me if I was willing to try.  Well, I could  see   the  possibility  of  this  sort  of media  and  so  the  very  first   Canada/USA echomail transfer was made.  For that matter, ADAM_TEK anReceived:  No                Group:  Adam (1)* Forwarded message from Cpmtech* From   : Keith Marner* To     : Guy Cousineau* Subject: ADAM ECHO* Date   : 15 May 93 09:45:00* Message forwarded using CRR 1.52/a+Hi Guy, I don't know what has happened to the ADAM ECHO. I personally   have left several messages for transmission to the USA and CANADA but   none  have  been answered. I noticed that my messages were  the  only   ones on the echo and now I .......I replied to Keith on CPMTECH on this poi well,   you know all about that anyway.So,  there you have the basic founding of the first ADAM BBS here  in   Canada.  I was the first in such a setup.  Needless to say, many were   trying  to scramble onto the Bandwagon after they heard about it.   I   had  many,  many  CP/M programs online that would work  on  the  ADAM   machine.Anyway, after the demise of the ADAM machine here, many users  simply   gave  up calling, so, that was the reason I asked for a Moderator  to   take  over my Echo.  You see_ * CRR QWK 1.52/a+ *--- Maximus 2.01wb * Origin: Home of Ron Mitchell and Guy Cousineau (1:163/411)=-=-=      To:  James Young                Message #:  44    From:  David Cobley               Submitted:  18 May 93 14:41:00 Subject:  Keith Marner                  Status:  PublicReceived:  No                Group:  Adam (1)James......Keith  posted a message to Guy Cousineau on  the  CPM-Tech   Echo saying he had left several messages on the ADAM Echo in the  UK,   but had received no replies.omputer; in fact the interest almost    seems higher that ever, as witness the very large attendance at     ADAMCON IV.  It shows up mostly in the newsletters, and in the      attendance at the monthly meetings. In a number of recent conversations with leaders in the ADAM       community, several of us have commented on the lack of              participation in the very things that make the ADAM a vital  hobby.  And the consensus seems to be that the problem is not any          lessening of satisfaction wuess Bob Garbutt didn't  continue   with  his trans-Atlantic link up. I can understand that if he  wasn't   getting  the action on the ADAM Echo in UK. Please let me  have  your   thoughts on all this. Thanks and Cheers..David.Look out Salt Lake City----Here we come!!--- BlueWave/RA v1.99a * Origin: Shangri-La BBS   Qualicum Beach, B.C.  (1:351/621.0) n only identify by content.  Last week while watching the         Academy Awards show, I was reminded by the discussion of  "RAIor for a number of     editors. As I told Pat, I have not yet reached the point where I just sit   down at the keyboard and hope that I will think of something to     say.  At least not quite yet!  I still have a reservoir of ideas    for articles that could keep this newsletter going for many         months.  But what sort of articles do our club members want? On     that score the silence is deafening.  And that's nothing new        either.  Time and again we have asked for some input on what kind   of ‚DےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےWHEN WORDS FAIL YOU An old problem appears to grow with time; there seems to be a      malaise abroad in ADAMLAND.  I have sensed this for quite awhile,   but others have commented upon it also.  It's not that there is a   lack of enthusiasm for our c Now his messages have been removed  from   the  UK BBS. If it would not cause any problems for Fidonet, or  you,   or the moderator of the CPM-Tech Echo, who I think is Jack  Winslade,   I  would willingly cross post anything from/to the CPM-Tech and  ADAM   echos,  for Keith. But I wouldn't want to cause problems for  anyone,   doing  it. Can you think of any objections you or the  CPM-Tech  Echo   moderator, may have. I recall, a while back, you noted that you had a   bunch of messages for Keith, but I gith our computer, nor is it a flagging   of interest.  Though the problem is certainly not new, it appears   to be worsening. I mentioned elsewhere in this newsletter about having a phone      conversation with Pat Herrington.  While we were talking, I asked   her opinion about putting some of my gripes in an article in the    newsletter.  You see, Pat and I, and quite a few others, know how   difficult it is to put out a monthly newsletter.  There are many    reasons for this, and burnout has been a factNMAN" that I had a program, on video cassette somewhere, on  idiot        savants.  So I used SEARCH.  COM and asked it to look for  the      keyword "SAVANT" In nothing flat I found it.  It had been  recorded from a 1984 episode of "60 Minutes".  Frankly, I don't  know how I  ever could have located it without this system.  I have found it easier to invoke the SEARCH program with the        expanded command line.  It still prompts for some information,      because of the complex AND/OR nature of SEARCH.material appeals to you.  This ADAM is astonishingly versatile   and it can perform incredible feats.  A lot of the regular          contributors to various newsletters have repeatedly observed that   this ADAM is still holding its own against the latest and  greatest of the IBM and Compac crowd.  As strident as their claims have grown, there is still an appalling lack of really       innovative programming for these expensive machines.  And that is   Reflected in the marketplace.  Compacis in deep VOODOOd before how an    inventory of thousands of electronic items like transistors, is     ideally suited for computerized record keeping.  Similarly a huge   video library is an excellent candidate for a computer inventory. There is general agreement that people use their computers  mostly for word processing.  And that's undoubtedly true for the  ADAM.    My guess is that its second greatest usage is for games or          graphics.  After that, the also-rans are way down the list.  I      have only found oninging to the past; it might  even appear that I object to progress.  NOT!  If I have learned          anything about life, it's that newer ain't necessarily better.      And nowhere is that more evident than in the computer world. How often have you reflected on what the ADAM, or any PC, means    to you? What does the average person use this marvel for? And  what does he expect it to do? One of the functions of a newsletter is to point out the great performances that are          possible with the equipreason for publishing a newsletter.  A simple postcard announcing   the time and place of our next meeting would serve as well.  And    the postage and printing costs would be a lot more palatable. There's not much point in scrounging around to find something      just to fill up the pages.  I commented about that to Pat           Herrington.  We agreed that there is a lot of duplication in the    various newsletters.  It isn't uncommon for an article to  reappear four or five times in various newsletters         probably use their computers less for that purpose than ADAM        users.  I really don't know that for sure, but I do think that it   is one Hell of an expensive tool just to balance a checkbook. I think that for most home record keeping, whether it be gas       mileage or other operating expenses, a pencil and a notebook  would perform as well.  Not always, of course.  In situations  where you  need to sort through thousands of entries to find something, nothing beats a computer.  I have note and so is IBM.  (sorry Ross). ADAM is agile, user friendly and versatile.  And we have some of   the best minds in the country expanding the hardware for ADAM.      The ADAM and its present peripheral equipment is so complete that   you really have to rack your brain to think of something            significant it lacks.  I don't need a computer by my side as I      drive down the freeway, nor do I feel disenfranchised if I can't    bring my ADAM with me on an airliner. This may sound as though I am cle other member of IEAUG who has even tried  TURBO PASCAL.  And to my knowledge, I am the only person I know  who has  tried FORTRAN on the ADAM.  So why should we feature any  articles  about these esoteric applications? To stimulate interest  perhaps!  I doubt that myself!.  I have an uneasy feeling that nothing interests our readers.  In truth I wonder if we really      have any readers.  You sure couldn't tell it from the feedback we   receive.  It even makes one wonder if there is any real good        ment we already have.  I have often          commented on the poor showing of Coleco's RECIPE FILER.  There's    nothing wrong with that great little program.  Sure it could be     better and a lot more flexible.  But compare the standard RECIPE    FILER with the messy way that most homes file recipes.  And that    includes homes that have an ADAM.  And what about those checkbook   programs!  Do you know of anyone who actually keep their banking    records with the ADAM.  Not many!  I expect that IBM users .  Pat said that that is not wholly unjustified.  She suggested that many       newsletters serve just their own constituency.  Those of us who     exchange newsletters are well aware of the multiple appearances  of articles.  But the parochial view from the isolated club  members   is that it's all news to them.  If I hadn't reprinted an  article   from MTAG, maybe our IEAUG members would never have seen  it.       Barry Wilson in Saint Louis may have seen that article in  his own  newsletter, or in MTAG''ll  ever see of any of the other parents.  And it's just as bad to  belong   to a PTA where some domineering individual wants to run  the whole  show.  I don't feel as though my joining an ADAM group  was a civic responsibility.  I don't find it to be a particularly  worthy       cause.  ADAM isn't an institution and we are not looking  to become enshrined.  And it's pretty repetitious to hear over and over what a great little computer it is and what a great  bunch of people we are.  Perhaps that's what p somewhere.  It can get a little boring, reading the same  old comments and opinions about what a consummate collection of  great  people we have at the ADAMCONs.  From nearly every account  I've    read, we must walk on sanctified ground.  I met a couple of  real   assholes there, but I too sang the praises of the camaraderie of ADAMites.  And there have been more than a few no-   shows that had pretty lame excuses.  Please don't misread my        comments.  I thoroughly enjoyed the conventions I have attd micro it is, doesn't cut it. And just being heard from, doesn't either!  I'm sure that most     people who read this article have a lot of fun using their ADAM.    But that's not something to take a bow for.  It's swell that you    find it fascinating.  Maybe most people find that SMARTWRITER       fulfills their meager writing needs and couldn't care less about    VDE.  I feel no compulsion to motivate anyone to make a career  out of using their ADAM.  But newsletters and conventions, it  seems to me, p    with a few good stories, then tell them something they will  profit from and leave them laughing.  And not everyone has a way  with     words to create an article for a newsletter.  And not  everyone has anything to say in the first place.  But if this complacence doesn't yield to real participation, then more and      more clubs are going to fold.  Maybe nobody really cares. I have compared clubs and newsletters to Cub Scout dens.  If       someone volunteers to be a den mother, that's the last yous newsletter, or in IEAUG, MOAUG,  AWAUG,    SFAUG, PUGET SOUND or you name it, newsletters.  As it is,  ANN     serves the grand purpose of providing most of the good stuff  to    everyone.  And I, for one, commend it to you highly. On the other hand, if each newsletter depends upon reprinting      articles from other newsletters, where are the originals going to   come from? They have to originate someplace.  Maybe one article     can appear in every newsletter across the continent, but it had  to starteople want to hear.   But   that fulfills no need.  We all know that or we should; we've  heard it often enough.  And if you aren't convinced by now that  the IBM  crowd is a bunch of Yuppie snobs, then you have never  read an      IEAUG newsletter.  Those guys really give me a pain.   Hell, if     they'd only do something constructive for a change!  But  look      around you!  How many of you are really using your ADAM to          anything near its potential? Bragging about what a magnificently    conceiveended.    And I have missed half of them myself. It must be a torture to prepare an agenda for these conventions.   What topics would the people like presented? Where do you get       qualified presenters? Or just any presenters for that matter.       It's not completely unlike putting together a newsletter. Participation is the key!  The hell you say!  For many, just       showing up is enough.  That's their idea of participation.  Not     many can stand before a group, get their attention, warm them ushould transcend just idle chit chat. A number of years back, several of us in IEAUG got together and    decided that we were not competing with Gourmet magazine.  If you   wanted cookie recipes, our newsletter was not for you.  We had      hoped to strive for excellence and originality.  Recapitulating     what everyone already knows, serves nobody.  And just getting       together to discuss topical events is not a proper agenda for an    ADAM club or a national convention. When I attend our IEAUG meetand by    and let those IBM snobs denigrate us.  We can shove as good as  the best of them.  But we really need to hear from you about your       needs and wants.  We could be whistling Dixie for all the  feedback we get.  And we desperately need to have those of you  with a       hankering to write, to really give it a go.  It gets easier with time.  And we all know that you have a lot of           experiences to share with the rest of us.  You may not have the answers.  Maybe you have only problems.  and accessing and using bulletin boards to advantage.  We  often        acquired equipment and software at bargain prices.  But the  bottom line was that we were there to help one another.  Our  IEAUG club   motto was, and still is, "ADAM users helping other ADAM users". That is still the concept guiding our newsletter.  But none of  us are clairvoyant.  We have no idea of whether we are advancing  the  cause of the ADAM.  And again that's not the aim of our             newsletter.  I could care less abo places it on the        B:Drive.  If you want to have the sorted file stored on the         B:Drive with the filename LIST.SRT, this is the command line for    that:A>SORT B:LIST B:LIST.SRT <CR>You may store the sorted list on any drive and it may have the      same filename or any filename of your choice.  I find it is very    handy to have a sorted movie list (since I have over 400) near my   VCR.  It makes it so easy to find the cassette that has a movie     that I want to get.  Without it, it wouldmputers.  We have tried to make the            versatility of modern 24 pin dot matrix printers irresistible.      Because we are convinced that you would profit immensely from       these relatively inexpensive marvels.  We are striving to make it   possible for you to avail yourself of the power that is at your     fingertips.  Sometimes we delve into some extremely heavy           mathematics, but we are only trying to reach those in our           community that are quite advanced.  We are not going to stings, I am constantly amazed at the    achievements of our members.  In past years, we had a lot of very   rank beginners in attendance and the more advanced members had a    ball helping these neophytes understand computing.  If someone  had a piece of equipment that seemed to be malfunctioning, we  were     always there to check it out with equipment known to be  good.  We  could straighten out the questions about getting soft  ware to      operate correctly.  We had demonstrations on the use of  modems Or    maybe something is not working as advertised.  You might even  save the rest of us a lot of grief by pointing out something that  is    literally worthless, --or worse. But don't just sit there!  Take your place behind the keyboard     and put SMARTWRITER or VDE (or WordStar) to work and send in your   resume.  We are hiring even if Rockwell, Hughes and Douglas are     not.  We really need you!Thomas J.  KeeneIEAUGut advancing the cause.  I do     hope that we can help you understand what an incredible  powerhouse you own.  It is capable of solving unbelievably difficult problems.  We have tried to show you how it ranks right   up there with giant mainframes in performing prodigious feats.   We have tried to demystify some of the probabilty concepts.  We  have  gone to great lengths to familiarize you with CP/M because  it is   the gate to a vast repertoire of public domain software  that was   developed on other co‚DےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےTHE DEPTHS OF DE-COMPRESSION There has been an inordinately large amount of discussion in the   computer press of late about the subject of compression.  In  fact, the subject has entered into the big time electronics world  almost as though it was a re     talking about transmitting 600 channels directly to the  consumer.  No cable connections!  No deals with city councils over right-of-way franchises!  This new concept removes one of  the most objectionable aspects of current cable franchises, ---no       competition!.  If you live in a city that has approved a par-       ticular cable company, then you, the consumer, are at their mercy   as to quality, cost and program availability.  In California, it    is a given that no cable company may carry motic procedures.  Of these, I know of and have used no less  than four such processes. Recently I have seen ads for software for the IBM PC's that make   big claims for the advantages of compressing files.  One such       software program sells for nearly $200.  I visited a local          software store to inquire about the program and, as it was          explained to me, it did virtually nothing in addition to the        compression programs in the CP/M public domain. I have commented in earlier articlee. The AT&T system proposes using fiber optics telephone lines  (many are already in operation).  But this system is competitive  only    with the existing cable companies.  It is unlikely that AT&T  would allow cities to franchise competing TV distribution systems.  They have been completely successful in blocking local    telephone competition and there is a lot more at stake here.   Both Hughes and AT&T are planning on compression techniques to  enable   them to offer vastly greater programming than ihe bandwidth of conventional television,   with no percep- tible loss in quality.  These new techniques are    being pursued with great vigor by AT&T and Hughes Communications.   The latter company is investing hundreds of millions of dollars  in a speculation involving an entirely new form of direct  satellite   broadcasting of pay-per-view programming.  The crux of  the new     system involves Hughes new high power satellite and the  com-       pression techniques developed in the computer world.  They  amajor discovery.  Far from it, but the  ADAM     world has, by and large, ignored the advantages of compression.  This article is intended to promote more interest  in the subject. Compression of text files has been a relatively routine computer   operation for many years.  Techniques have varied but the           principle has been around for a very long time.  The first  process I used under CP/M was called "SQUEEZE".  It was very efficient and only minor improvements have marked later and more    exore than two of the     superstations (WTBS, WGN or WOR).  With the Hughes system, you  can have it all and the local Public Utility Commission would  have no  jurisdiction over the operation.  The huge power of the  Hughes     satellite would make it possible to have superb reception  with a   receiving dish no larger than an LP record.  Of course,  the        customer would need a complicated decoder to decompress the         desired signals and to decipher any special anti-piracy encoding    they might uss about the many advantages  of CP/M for ADAM users, and one I have made particular note of is  the compression capabilities that exist in CP/M.  There are no          programs that I am aware of, that operate under EOS which even      come close to providing for text compression. Cable television is completely agog over a new technique that      will permit elec- tronic compression of video images so that        vastly greater amounts of data can be transmitted within the        restrictions imposed by ts possible  with     current cable delivery systems.  The AT&T system is almost          exclusively a metropolitan operation.  Rural areas cannot be        served the way that the direct satellite systems can.  On the       other hand, they are not faced with the immediate possibility of    competition.  Anyone with the capital can put up another  satellite to compete with Hughes.  There are many aspects to these schemes and at the present time, the crux is not technical.   The bottom line is developing ss highly desirable to have all of the per- tinent   ancillary files collected together in one group.  In VDE you may    want to collect the usable COM file with a documentary file and a   pristine unconfigured COM file as well as the install program and   its documentary file.  Often a library will consist of 15 or more   related programs.  The kinds of programs that profit from this      librarying technique are many.  For example the BRADFORD set of     files can easily exceed 30 separate but related prog But even conventional discs soon become so filled with  material   that most of us have literally hundreds of discs dedicated to storing material.  And often this storage is  archival in nature.  We don't use it very often, but when we want  some of   this archival stuff, we want to be able to retrieve it.   I know    that I have a record of every time I have ever been on  CompuServe  or Genie or any other bulletin board.  99% of these records are just dead storage, but I wouldn't want to scrap these   fe was the "SQUEEZE" process, it  was   possible to unsqueeze the files as they were extracted from  the    library file.  Later, when the preferred compression program  was   the early "CRUNCH" technique, it was necessary to extract the       component files and then "un- crunch" them one by one.  Before      long a delibrarying system evolved which would uncrunch the files   as they were being extracted.  Unfortunately, the improved CRUNCH   programs that appeared were largely incompatible with the earlierhalf or even less  if the files are compressed first.  Now this is truly a dollars  and   sense reason for becoming proficient in compression techniques. Most of you are familiar with the process of librarying or         archiving files.  Here, too, there are several procedures           available to us ADAM users that enable us to collect and com-       press files into one single file for ease of transmission and       storage.  The advantages are myriad.  If you have a program like    MEX or VDE, it iuppliers of programs to fill those   600 channels.  And these deals are proceeding at a feverish pace. What are the main advantages, if any, to compressing programs      used by the ADAM? For anyone who now has a hard drive, the answer   is obvious.  Nearly everyone I have talked to, who has a hard       drive, has already run out of room and can add new programs only    by deleting an existing program.  10 Meg drives are saturated in    the first week of operation; 20 Meg drives may take a month or  so. rams. In order to cram as many programs as possible into a library       file, it is customary to compress the member files.  Most  programs that create library files require that the com- pression  be        accomplished separately before collecting them into a library       file.  However, in removing files from a library, it is normal      practice to decompress (or not, as you prefer) the compressed       files as they are separated out of the library, Even way back  when the only compression techniquiles.  So the storage just grows and grows.  A few years ago I     consolidated my CompuServe transactions onto a special set of       discs dedicated to just these files.  And the first thing I did     was to compress every one of these files.  This alone reduced the   storage to less than half that of the uncompressed files. Still not persuaded? Well one real money saver is in the           transmission of programs over long distance lines with a modem.     Your communication charges cane be reduced to    crunch procedures.  That is, a file that had been crunched with a   late version of CRUNCH.COM, could not be decompressed with an       earlier version of UNCRUNCH.COM.  This caused no end of problems.   However, in time the early versions of CRUNCH were completely       displaced with the newer and more effective versions.   Ultimately, the degree of compression was no longer being improved with the upgraded versions of CRUNCH.  However, the        incompatibility picture still did not improve. A mav are using CRUNCH28.  A de- librarying program was needed which would          decompress member files no matter what means of compression was     used.  Just such a program appeared in LT28.COM.  But even that     was not quite universal.  Finally LT29.COM seemed to provide the    universal delibrarying capability that was needed.  Still other     procedures appeared.  Most offered nothing but confusion in that    they were merely different but not better procedures.   The IBM world was off on their own how the    file was compressed.  In the early days of squeezing, the           algorithm renamed the filetype (file extension) so that one could   tell at a glance that a file was squeezed.  It automatically        changed the middle character of the file extension to "Q".  Thus    CONNECT.TXT was renamed to CONNECT.TQT.  The same was true of the   CRUNCH programs.  They always renamed the file to put a "Z" in  the middle character of the file ex- tension.  CONNECT.TXT would  be    renamed to CONNECT.TZT. lable for CP/M.  This process will permit    you to collect files into an ARC file (like CONNECT.ARC) and at     the time of collection the files may be compressed.  What           compression technique was used? Why, the most popular one around,   naturally ---CRUNCH28!  The big difference in the naming of         archived files was that CP/M files used the file extension of       "ARC" while IBM files used "ARK".  But there remains a problem      with compatibility.  Many, many files that were archived unt.  They claimed that they were somehow re- sponsible   for the introduction of LZHUF to America and as such, they were     entitled to call the shots.  Such, of course was not the case.      But it was over a year before this situation was resolved (sort     of). So now we have SQUEEZE, numerous versions of CRUNCH and LZHUF  all are being used simultaneously.  Old timers are still posting  files on bulletin boards that use the SQUEEZE procedure.  A few  find     LZHUF compelling, though the vast majorityerick compression procedure (still based on the Lempel-Zev    techniques) appeared in Japan and soon migrated to America.  This   program (commonly called the LZHUF pro- cedure) was totally void    of documentation and was very touchy.  It's main claim to fame  was that it provided a somewhat deeper degree of compression.   This    improvement was more than offset by the confusion that  resulted    from it's use.  For one thing, there was no built-in identifi- cation of a compressed file that told the user tangent using a procedure       known as ARCING.  This was slang for archiving.  An ARCED file  was no more nor less than a library file that was incompatible  with    everything else in sight.  This of course is known as the  IBM      syndrome.  It must be incompatible, ---it is written!  So  everyone fell all over themselves to create an archive procedure  for CP/M.  This was not as easy as one might imagine, but ultimately the bugs were worked out (sort of) and an ARCING         procedure was made avai But LZHUF didn't have this feature.   Much worse than this, the system languished because there was            absolutely no agreement on what to rename the file extension,  even when the renaming had to be done manually.  Some proposals  were    forthcoming but the NIH syndrome (EG-1NFH-0ot EG-1IFH- 0nvented     EG-1HFH-0ere) prevailed.  As a matter of fact, just as  the rest of the CP/M community began to concur on a common designation, a group of ADAM community prima donnas refused to go   along with ider  IBM rules will simply not respond to UNARCING programs of CP/M.   Even  though the files themselves are completely compatible with  CP/M    (such as text files and RLE graphic files), they cannot be          accessed and extracted with CP/M unarcing programs.  This is a      truly devastating situation that continues to this day. The television compression situation is remarkably similar to  the compression of computer graphics such as RLE files.  It is          astonishing how much voided bandwidth dure on a number of RLE graphics           including the well-known shuttle picture with the same results.     This is quite surprising because we are now taking a video image    and compressing it with more effectiveness than the compression  of a text file.  I guess I feel that it is surprising because of  the  high bandwidth requirements generally associated with video         images. In the compression of video movies the potential is even  greater.  This can readily be illustrated by considering animssion was not in the province of               communication engineering, at least at the time the standards  were adopted.  The Hughes and AT&T systems are not bound by any          agreements that evolved in the United States or Europe.  Since      these are closed systems and compatibility is of concern to  nobody but Hughes and AT&T (the public would not have direct  access to    these transmissions), they could be as crazy or as sophisticated as the designers pleased.  Not only that, but if  the propeduring speech, it consists  of just two or three simplistic movements repeated over and over.      Smoothness is missing altogether.  Just think of the vast amount    of savings this creates.  Only a few cells are needed to provide    the animation. Even the conversion of a motion picture to a television image      calls for a 25% increase in transmission time just to achieve       acceptable aesthetics.  This results from two separately arrived    at set of standards.  In the early days of sound motion pn.  Many of you have  seen  this "WELCOME TO IEAUG" graphic.  It appears on the screen  in full color.  I captured this particular scene with the SMARTBASIC program "PS".  This full color picture was then          converted over to CP/M with ADAM.COM where I could use a            compression program on it.  The file was 15K in both the EOS        version and the CP/M version.  After I had compressed this file  it was a mere 1K in size.  That is a 15:1 reduction in storage.   I    have tried the same proceexists in a television        picture.  For many many years, it was a given that a TV scene       required enormous bandwidth in order to provide decent  resolution.  In fact serious compromises were made in the early days of NTSC standards in the trade off of resolution for           bandwidth.  Everyone knew that clusters of data appeared at every   harmonic of the scanning frequency and that in between these        harmonics was a vast wasteland of bandwidth that contained no  data whatever.  But compreated  cartoons.  At one time the rising production costs nearly forced  the major   animation companies (like Disney) to cease making elaborate feature presentations like "101 DALMATIONS".  These       films used highly detailed scenes with smooth, life-like motions.   Contrast this with the low budget Hanna-Barbera productions.  In    these low cost cartoons, there is 99.999% stationery scenery with   an absolute minimum of motion.  Facial expressions rarely change    and if the mouth is scripted to move r deals can be made, they would abolish the present            incompatibility between the US, Great Britain, Germany and France   who all have national standards based on some very antiquated       concepts, much like 50/60 cycle 225/120 voltage power  conventions. In the ADAM world we can get a feel for the extent of the          reduction of storage requirements in the area of graphics.  I  have used a graphic that I created for one of our IEAUG promos at  the   various computer fairs we participated iictures,   the standard of 24 frames per second was agreed upon.  Silent       films had been using 16 frames per second (and home movies still    use 16 frames) and this was based on the bare minimum to avoid      flicker.  But with standard 35mm motion picture film, this low      speed of 16 frames per second was too slow to achieve even the      barest acceptable sound quality.  At 16 frames per second the       highest frequency that they could record was about 5000             cycles/sec.  With 24 fram and that American TV  standards prevail to assure complete incompatibility with German  TV          receivers.  At that time the German programming was sparse  (barely three hours a day) and not especially entertaining.  The  lure of   "I Love Lucy" and all of the anticipated U.S.  programming would surely intrude upon their own market.  In that,   the heads of state were correct.  But counting on the               incompatibility of the two nation's standards was wishful           thinking.  The best minower hum from getting into  the circuitry.  In the United States, our power industry had  adopted   60 cycles/second many years ago.  So the NTSC correctly  concluded  that the picture rate had to be a multiple of 60.  And  since they  also adopted a two-field inter- laced scanning arrangement, it was decided that the field rate would be 60  fields per second which meant that the picture rate was half that  or 30   pictures per second.  This proved to be a very wise decision.  Although broadcasting facilie difference in standards was no assurance of incompatibility between German TV sets and American signals.        These standards were never meant to accomplish incompat- ibility.   They agreed that it would be better for our troops to use the       German 25 picture frame rate to avoid the inevitable hum problem    which would manifest itself as a wild series of hor- izontal  black and white bars madly racing up the screen, virtually obliterating the picture.  Not only that, the German pirates        wat to 25 for the same reason; they were using 50 cycle power   there. Let me cite you a personal experience I had with this situation.   Back in 1956, when I was stationed with the Air Force in Germany,   an agreement had been reached by the State Department to permit     the Armed Forces to set up a low power TV station for the Armed     Forces.  The German government was most concerned for their         fledgling state-run television industry.  They wanted assurances    that our radiated power was minimales per second the increased film speed     permitted about 7500 cycles per second.  Not that this is  anything approaching high fidelity but it was "acceptable".  The  Society of Motion Picture Engineers anticipated technical advances that would ultimately permit about 10000 cycles per        second which was then regarded to be high fidelity.  Thus the 24    frames per second was adopted for all time. Television, on the other hand, had another problem to cope with.   And that is the inability to avoid pds in the State department simply were       ignorant of the technical world, and they just had no notion of     the ingenuity of hackers.  (They still don't).  It was so easy to   make a few minor circuitry changes and VOILA, ---American TV in     German homes!  At least those living near the American Air Base. I was placed in charge of the installation of this facility  which immediately led to a close liaison with West Deutcher  Rundfunk,    the German equivalent of the FCC.  We quickly agreed that thties could be relied upon    to totally eliminate power hum in their video, the same could not   be expected for TV receiver manufacturers.  These receiving sets    had to be built to realistic cost standards, so some hum was        inevitable.  If this hum was the same rate as the video image,      there might some modulation of the video image but it would be      stationary and not wander up and down the screen so it would        generally be imperceptible.  In Europe the vertical scanning rate   was setching the American TV would also get the same diabolical bars.   So we quickly struck an agreement that our American TV station      would use the 25 cycle frame rate.  It was a done deal and we  each met with our respective State department officials, each  receiving assurances that there would be no objections. I had to return to the United States on a personal emergency and   was gone for about a month.  When I returned, I learned that        Washington had overruled our agreement and so we were back tbeen said about invoking the HANNA-      BARBERA effect on conventional movies.  It is completely  practical to avoid transmitting all of that repetitious non-moving scenery in about 90% of all motion picture scenes.  I have   never seen a study on just how much of an average movie scene is    totally redundant, but my guess is that it is well over 95%.  And   I am including the most minute, subtle motions that provide so      much reality, but which actually account for a minimum of the       overall scenw RCA sets functional.  However,        nothing was done about any other TV receiver.  That was up to the   individual set owner to solve.  And this created an im- mensely     lucrative business for all of the electronic technicians in the     area. Back to the 25% increase in transmission time due to the 24  frame movie standard and the 30 frame TV standard.  It is impossible to send 24 frame movies over the 30 frame TV without     some chicanery.  So this is what they do; they transmit four        framwould not go mad trying to  discern these changes.  And often the changes were obfuscated by            deliberate camouflage.  In a relatively short time we had           developed extremely effective concepts.  As a matter of record,     these studies resulted in the first electronic video recorders      ever made.  We needed to make video recordings of photographic      images so that we could process the data electronically.  We  first looked into the only electric video trans- mission processes in exio  stop and hold the fourth frame for two projections is sure one  jerky        sounding machine.  They really clatter!  So you see that,  by       sending that extra frame, we are wasting 25% of our precious        bandwidth just to accommodate this standards incompatibility.   Now you couple that with the enormous vacancy of data that  compression can deal with, you can begin to grasp the potential for cramming 600 channels into something like 1/100th the           bandwidth. And thus far, nothing has o the   old U.S.  standards.  And, as expected, when we went operational,   the video image was so cluttered with hum bars that the picture     was unwatchable.  The AFEX (Air Force [Post] Exchange) had made a   contract with RCA to deliver a huge number of TV sets for those     who needed a TV but didn't bring one over with their household      goods.  These brand new sets performed every bit as miserably as    all the rest.  So an extremely expensive modification pro- ject     was created to make these nee. In 1946 I was assigned to the Photographic Laboratory (later       known as the Recon- naissance Laboratory) at Wright Field, Ohio.    At that time we were exploring the possibilities of eliminating     redundant data in photographic scenes.  The idea was that we  could superimpose two views of the same target and then note only  the    changes that had occurred between the first and second photo.       Thus, if equipment or troop movements or construction had           occurred, the photo interpreter es normally and then they hold and repeat the fourth frame  and send it again.  Oddly enough, you are not aware of this when  you   watch a movie on your TV.  But if you have a VCR, you can  watch a  rapid action scene in VCR slow motion and then you can  see that    every fourth frame is displayed twice.  If you watch a  runner, you can see four natural forward moving views and then the fourth frame is repeated.  Sounds like it should be jerky,  but it isn't.  However, the special projector that is used tstence and these were the slow telephoto machines   used in the newspaper business.  The then current American  systems were abysmal, so we contracted with Muirhead-Jarvis of  Great       Britain for the first such device ever attempted.  At the  same     time we saw a potential for magnetic recording which was  then      emerging for the lower bandwidth audio field.  There were  only     three American contenders that had any expertise in audio  magnetic recording.  One was being developed by Bing Crosby, s of a  second    apart whereas the Photo Lab shots might be days or months  apart. As it happened there was a major reorganization of the             Engineering Division at Wright Field and the RADAR work was  merged with the Photo Lab and it was inevitable that Katz would  spot a    commonality.  So the success of the Photo Lab preliminary  studies  were applied to the RADAR problem and, low and behold, an  entirely new concept was borne, known today as MTI (EG-1MFH-0oving G-1TFH-0arget EG-1IFH-0ndicalists   in unique motor manufacturing.  That's how Ampex got its start in   magnetic recording equipment.  The third company was Magnecord of   Chicago. We contacted them all to see if they could conceive of any         practical way to increase the bandwidth to video needs.  Ampex  was interested but had no concept of what was needed.  They  simply     didn't have any ideas.  Ranger was off on cloud nine and  was       talking to himself when we last saw him.  Magnecord was full  of    ideas, and so theyhis could vastly reduce the storage requirements for   all kinds of TV fare.  Most broadcasting stations store all of      their news footage and other special programming.  The vast         amounts of storage must be overwhelming.  I can envision other      data transmission systems using these same compression concepts.    For example, stock market data could be delayed slightly to         compress ten minutes of data into a few seconds and then time       sharing this actual data transmission with dozens by others in the Photo Laboratory, in particular a   genius by the name of Amrom Katz.  Katz was primarily a             mathematician but profoundly well versed in optics and              electronics.  There was a similar problem being studied by the      Radiation Lab at Wright field.  They were working on RADAR and      they took wanted to be able to sort out parts of targets that       differed from one scene to another.  The principle difference  here was that their respective views were only fractionfrom  captured  German Magnetophone recorders that were the booty of a  Captain who had returned to CBS after the war.  Another was sponsored by Desilu productions based on Colonel Ranger's  captured magnetophones.  He headed up the Signal Corps intelligence team that was evaluating captured German               communications equipment.  Incidentally the Captain was part of     that same team.  Crosby literally wore out the motors of his        equipment and so he contacted Ampex Electric who were speciator).  In no time at all it  was possible to have Radar images that were void of clutter and  only   displayed targets that moved from one frame to the next. From this you can see the enormous potential for compressing       normal motion pic- tures into a fraction of the space normally      required.  In fact, it would be entirely feasible to record any     television production and then use these compression techniques  to cram the signal into a fraction of it's original size.  Just        imagine how t built the very first magnetic video  recorder    that we are aware of.  By early 1947 we had achieved real success with these designs.  RCA heard of our investigations   and they sent their head of recording to Wright Field to see if     they could get into the game.  They had a genius on their staff  by the name of Alex Badmaieff (a Russian) who became so enthralled at the prospect that he left RCA and formed his own      company.  In any event these developments were being watched with   great interest of other data     senders, ---other stock exchanges, commodity markets, news          gatherers.  They all would only have to wait a few seconds while  a commutation process (like time sharing on Compuserve) served  them  each in turn. It's no wonder that data compression is the greatest thing since   sliced bread! And you Adamites have a good beginning at your        fingertips.  Even you EOS holdouts!  You can learn to master some   of the rudiments of CP/M, at least enough to convert your dead      st of data of the "MAIL" file. This is how that  appeared:    0000:32370D4341524C20 27.CARL    0008:434C494E450D3538 CLINE.58    0010:0D4D0D444F444745 .M.DODGE    0018:0D33333030300D50 .33000.P    0020:0D4F574E0D570D31 .OWN.W.1    0028:380D4A41434B2045 8.JACK E    0030:57494E470D36360D WING.66.    0038:4D0D425549434B0D M.BUICK.    0040:33383030300D500D 38000.P.    0048:4F574E0D570D3136 OWN.W.16    0050:0D4A554C49412045 .JULIA E    0058:57494E470D37320D WING.72.    0060:460D425549434B0D F.BUICK.‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےEDITING SEQUENTIAL FILES              In a recent article on a SMARTBASIC program that     provided a sortable databank, it was said that sequential files    were virtually impossible to edit. To a degree that is true. But   it is actually easy to ediD44 4F444745 0D333330 30300D50 * M.DODGE.33000 P*    20: 0D4F574E 0D570D31 380D4A41 434B2045 * OWN.W 18 JACK E*    30: 57494E47 0D36360D 4D0D4255 49434B0D *WING.65.M.BUICK *    40: 33383030 300D500D 4F574E0D 570D3136 *38000 P OWN.W.16*    50: 0D4A554C 49412045 57494E47 0D37320D * JULIA EWING 72.*    60: 460D4255 49434B0D 33383030 300D500D *F BUICK.38000 P.*    70: 4F574E0D 490D3136 0D465245 44204752 *OWN I 16 FRED GR*              As you can see from the way the data is entered,     there is no room itself, but any       modifications that are made, must fit in the same space of the     original entry. For example, if you wanted to change a name from   SMITH to SMYTH, that could be done with a dis- assembler, But to   change a name from SMITH to SMYTHE couldn't be done. To make that  a bit clearer, let me show you what the file "MAIL" (mentioned in  last month's article) looks like when disassembled with JKL        Utilities. In this example, I used the READ command of JKL and I   read the first blockorage text files to CP/M and then compress them to a reasonable   size.  It is to your advantage, be- lieve me!Thomas J.  KeeneIEAUGff of resolution for           bandwidth.  Everyone knew that clusters of data appeared at every   harmonic of the scanning frequency and that in between these        harmonics was a vast wasteland of bandwidth that contained no  data whatever.  But compre    0068:33383030300D500D 38000.P.    0070:4F574E0D490D3136 OWN.I.16    0078:0D46524544204752 .FRED GR    0080:4148414D0D33340D AHAM.34.    0088:4D0D544F594F5441 M.TOYOTA    0090:0D32393530300D43 .29500.C    0098:0D4F574E0D570D31 .OWN.W.1    00A0:320D524F53454D41 2.ROSEMA              If that same block was disassembled with DU-V87,     the same information would be obtained but the presentation is     slightly different:    00: 32370D43 41524C20 434C494E 450D3538 *27 CARL CLINE.58*    10: 0D4D0t a sequential file if you go about it   properly and if the editing is realistic; the results may not be   what one had hoped for.              When a sequential file is created in SMARTBASIC, a   mass of data is stored all jammed together. You just can't open    up the file under SMARTBASIC and change an entry that is within    the file. You can readily append new data to the file, but this    data will be placed at the end of the file. Penetrating the        sequential file appears formidable enough in for any editing unless the editing consists of    merely replacing one character with another. The is no way one     can squeeze any additional information into this block of data     without obliterating existing data. You can also see how compact   and efficient this sequential file is in packing the data.  In     this particular example, the ASCII portion of the data is          readable and has some semblance of sense. But often the stored     data is just a group of numbers or characters that make litr PEGGY indicates that it              is an active BASIC file. Notice that the end of file             indicator (03) immediately follows PEGGYA.13           This position indicates the file attribute. In this              case it is 10 (also underlined above). An attribute             of 10 indicates that it is an active file.14           Designates the starting block of the file. In this              case the file is stored starting at block 3D (hex).15, 16, 71   These are always nulls18    amed "PEGGY". We can use     DU-V87 or JKL to look at the directory entry for the storage       information of this file.  With DU-V87 we start our search in      Block one of the disc. Here is the way the sector of Block one     which pertains to the "PEGGY" entry looks:00 002F0357 10135045 47475941 032A8C41 *./.W..PEGGYA.*.A* 10       000A003D 00000020 00020009 00092025 *...=.......... %* 20 424C4F43 4B53204C 45465403 013F0000 *BLOCKS LEFT..?..*30 00610000 00000044 07250000 00000000 * a.....D %......*s are read 23,22 and not 22,23. (underlined              above)24,25,26     Year, Month and Day. In this case it reads 921125              (November 25 1992)              So we see that this file (PEGGY) is located          starting at block 3D (hex) and it is assigned two blocks and in    the last block there are 97 bytes. This is important to the        searching process because it tells the program exactly where the   sequential file ends. If you looked at block 3E (the last block    of this sequen  review is made here to refresh your memory. A directory entry      consists of 26 characters. The position of these char- acters and  their function is as follows;1 through 12 Are reserved for the name and file type. The              character EG-103FH-0 always designates             the end of the filename entry. In this case The "P"              of PEGGY (emphasized and underlined in the digital             section above) is the first character of the di-              rectory entry. The "A" aftetle     sense at all. If you tried to edit that kind of data, you are      highly prone to error which would be extremely hard to detect.               If you have it in mind to edit a sequential file,   even though this may consist of changing only a character or two,  you still must know where to find the file to be edited and to     access it with a disassembler. The location of a SMARTBASIC        sequential file can be determined from the directory entry.        Suppose that the file of interest is n       Number of blocks allocated to the storage of this              file. In this case it is 02 blocks (hex).              (underlined above)19           Always a null20           Number of blocks used. In this example it is 02              (hex). (underlined above)21           Always a null22, 23       Number of bytes in the last block. In this case it             is 0097 (hex). Care must be given in reading this.             On the line it appears to be 9700. But the posi-             tion 40       00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 *................* 50 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 *................*60 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 *................* 70       00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 *................*              In the first line above (line 00) we can see the     word PEGGYA in the ASCII dump and this is the EOS entry of that    sequential file. The construction of a file entry in EOS has been  discussed in the IEAUG newsletter and elsewhere, but a brief     tial file), you could not tell where the file ends.  This is an example of what the last sector of that file PEGGY      looks like:00 302E3235 0D4F5448 45520D52 454E540D *0.25.OTHER.RENT.* 10       570D3130 2E350D43 0D4F574E 0D570D31 *W.10.5.C.OWN.W.1* 20 320D524F 53454D41 5259204B 45454E45 *2.ROSEMARY KEENE*30 0D36360D 460D4348 4556524F 4C45540D *.66.F.CHEVROLET.* 40       33383030 300D430D 4F574E0D 570D3136 *38000.C.OWN.W.16* 50 0D41484E 20504841 4D0D3537 0D4D0D4D *.AHN PHAM.57.M.M*60 45524345 4445530y%". The program keeps track of the value of  entry% and it inserts it in the file as noted. This is captured    later and used to index the searching process.               There is no way that SMARTBASIC can open and edit   this sequential file, so that avenue is closed. However, it is     surprisingly easy to edit this file wherein you can can change     any existing data and also insert a large amount of new            information without devastating the file.              Some of you might recall el character 0D. This is code for a carriage return. It       occurs immediately following the number 5. And this is the last    entry of the file "PEGGY". But looking at the sector, one could    not see anything that would indicate the end of this file. It has  overwritten some previous data that formerly occupied this block,  but the directory information tells ADAM precisely where this      data is stored.              If disassembling the directory to determine this     storage information is too much t can be done.               In the case of a sequential file, it is not only    feasible to edit it with a word processor, but it is just about    the only way it can be done. It is interesting to note that even   the COLECO ADAM User's Handbook by Weber Systems, Inc. Staff       states on page 156, "A record from a sequential file cannot be     read, modified, and then rewritten, as any change that might       affect a single record's length could adversely affect the entire  file."               Not hat vital     information which was gleaned the hard way from the directory      entry.               It is possible, using JKL or DU-V87 to make a       permanent change of any of this data.  What you can't do is        insert a word or phrase. You may overwrite any of this data, but   that's about the extent of editing one can do. In this particular  example, the very first item in the file is the number 27. This    is unique to the program discussed last month and it is the value  of the variable "entrD 32373030 300D420D *ERCEDES.27000.B.* 70       4F574E0D 410D3136 0D485547 4F205749 *OWN.A.16.HUGO WI*              This is the second sector of the second block of     the file "PEGGY". Thus, byte number 97 (hex) is byte number 151    Decimal. The first sector has 128 bytes, so counting down in this  second sector, we see that byte number 151 occurs in the 23d       position of this sector which is on the second line (line 10) in   the seventh position. From the printout above we see that is the   digitaditing a SMARTBASIC        program without even calling the program up in BASIC. You can use  SMARTWRITER to modify a SMARTBASIC program extensively. You can    not only change a line of program, but you may insert new lines    into the program. Of course, great care must be exercised or the   results will fail. And it also seems like a stupid way to edit a   BASIC program when it can be done easier with SMARTBASIC. It is    not a practical procedure to write a BASIC program with a word     processor, but ifor you, you can use JKL           Utilities which tells you this same information in very simple     terms.  If you use the -1C- catalog command of JKL you can see     all of this directory information about the file. That printout    looks like this: PEGGYA      File Name          10 Attribute             User    0000003D Starting Block        0002 Blocks Allocated        0002 Blocks Used        0097 Bytes in Last    92-11-25 Creation Date_              As you can see, this tells you all of tonly is it possible to edit a sequential file   with SMARTWRITER, but it is possible to get the file and print it  out as a hardcopy. This is an effective way to check a sequential  files for errors which may then be corrected. In the example       above, I noted that the name SMYTHE could not be entered as a      correction to the name SMITH. Let's look at the way that           disassembled block above would appear when printed out with        SMARTWRITER:    27    CARL CLINE    58    M    DODGE  technique of JKL with perfect results. This is a procedure which   requires a lot of knowledge. The same is true of any other block   copy program. The main problem encountered here is in the          construction of the directory entry.               It was mentioned in last month's article, "JUNK     MAIL DATABANK" how you could use the MAILLIST program itself to    create a backup copy of a sequential file. And earlier in this     article I discussed the use of SMARTWRITER to edit a sequential    file.THERS AIR CONDITIONING & GENERAL CONTRACTING, just as    long as it is one big long line with just one carriage return.     However, common sense should prevail. If you made the line of      data absurdly long, you certainly could get away with it as far    the filing goes, but you may very well get a truncated output      when using the program.               But it is reassuring to know that dumb little       mistakes that creep into a program may not be as catastrophic as   it first appears. If we had dure on a number of RLE graphics           including the well-known shuttle picture with the same results.     This is quite surprising because we are now taking a video image    and compressing it with more effectiveness than the compression  of a text file.  I guess I feel that it is surprising because of  the  high bandwidth requirements generally associated with video         images. In the compression of video movies the potential is even  greater.  This can readily be illustrated by considering animit will be saved 4after a fashion5. One block will be     saved but the directory entry will indicate 0000 bytes in last     block. If you edit the directory to read 0400 bytes in last block  you probably can use the file as far as it goes, but it will only  have 1K of data, whereas the original may have been much larger.   But this is a completely illegitimate pro- cedure.              The COPY file program in JKL Utilities will make a   perfect copy of a sequential file. And you may use the block copy    33000    P    OWN    W    18    JACK EWING    66    M    BUICK    38000    P    OWN    W    16    JULIA EWING    72    F    BUICK    38000    P    OWN    I    16    FRED GRAHAM    34    M    TOYOTA    29500    C    OWN    W    12    ROSEMARY...............    etc.              Should you want to change anything in this file,     that is completely practical if you retain the carriage return     after each item of data. You could change FRED GRAHAM's name to    GRAHAM BRO In the very same manner you can GET a sequential file in     SMARTWRITER and then turn right around and STORE it under a        different name. These procedures generally work, but only the      SMARTWRITER procedure and the JKL COPY program are easy and        reliable. Another convoluted procedure that works is to make a     CP/M copy of the sequential file with the ADAM.COM program and     then use CPMADAM.COM to make an EOS copy. This requires much       experience!Thomas J. KeeneIEAUGto rely upon perfection in creating a  sequential file, we are inevitably going to be disappointed.               There is another way that sequential files can      encounter trouble and that is in the copying of a file from one    storage medium to another. For one thing it cannot be loaded in    SMARTBASIC the way a standard BASIC file is loaded. Well that's    not exactly true. You EG4canFH5 load it, but only one block will   be loaded into memory. You can save this loaded file under a new   name and ‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےWORDS, WORDS, WORDS              We have often commented on the many applications of  the ADAM and the manipulation of words always heads the list. The  generic term, word processing, really doesn't begin to convey the  depth of this manipulation. One the spell checker to a unique   test. Does it take longer for a spell checker to check a file if   the words in that file all start at the beginning of the alphabet  as contrasted to words that start with letters that are at the     end of the alphabet? Now why on earth would I think that that      might have any bearing whatsoever? I don't know, but the thought   did occur to me. In any case, I reasoned that some of the words    in this test file should be in the spell checker's vocabulary. In  which case very well. A case in point  is the old bromide "I wouldn't touch it with a ten-foot pole". If  that remark was rephrased grammatically, it would sound stilted.   Spelling checkers are another matter; they are widely and          effectively used. They not only identify words misspelled through  ignorance but they are great for spotting typing mistakes.              Over the years, we have had a number of spelling     checkers for the ADAM. Some pretty good and one, at least,         atrocious. Have you eatively near the early    part of the alphabet, so I gave THE W0RD a test and used a stop    watch to check the speed. The choice of words was also made with   another consideration in mind. I wanted some of these words to be  in the UPDICT.CMP dictionary and at least one of the words to be   in the SPECIALS.CMP dictionary. When I timed it I found that the   actual time of checking was 45 seconds. Not bad, when you          consider that it went through three dictionaries in its search.              Then  do these two compare in speed? To make a        realistic comparison, some special criteria should be              established. One thing that should be considered is whether or     not the content of the files being checked has any bearing on the  speed of with spell checker. And what sort of file criteria        should be observed here?                I felt that a unique file should be specially       written for this test. In this special file, I wanted it to have   a minimum of words which would put can have a bit of fun just         experimenting with the tools of word processing. But above all,    we must avoid the quicksand of language which was so eloquently    expounded by Strother Martin in Cool Hand Luke, "What we have      here is a failure to communicate."              The various ancillary programs used with word        processors are just as important as the text writer itself.        Grammar checkers abound but they have never proven popular         because, by and large, they don't work the spell checker would not find those words to be      misspelled.               So I created two test files. The first consisted    of words that started with characters early in the alphabet. The   second test file would have a list of an equal number of words     but these would be at the end of the alphabet.               Thus the first test file had these words:CHAYEFSKYACTIVISTACUMEN              I chose these words because I knew that they were    in the upgraded dictionary.  They are relver put your spelling checker to a test such  as determining what affects its speed? There are two spelling      checkers in general use today for the ADAM. One, the public        domain SPELLM20, is marvelous even with its limited vocabulary.    The other, a commercial program, THE WORD, is a lot more           versatile and comes with a very large vocabulary. But like         SPELLM20, its initial vocabulary is much too limited. Both have    provisions for expanding their vocabularies.               HowI made a test file using these words:ZIMBABWEZORBAZYMOSAN              I knew that ZORBA was in my UPDICT.CMP file and the  other two words were not in my upgraded dictionaries; I wasn't     sure if they were in the master dictionary (MAINDICT.CMP).              This was a most revealing test. This time it took    THE WORD 2 minutes and 42 seconds to check through the main        dictionary. It took an additional 53 seconds to check through      UPDICT.CMP plus another ten seconds to check through  eck the UPDICT.CMP   and three more seconds to check the SPECIALS.CMP dictionary. So    the size of the file seems to have a relatively small impact on    the time it takes to check it. This last test file was about       20,000% larger than the other file but the time to check it was    merely 15.9% longer. Size is not a big factor. If I didn't use     the upgrading dictionaries, very little time would be saved,       despite the fact that there are over 8000 words in these update    dictionaries.       of the dictionaries; that   was no surprise.               After this edifying experience, I created another   special test file. This had four words, three of which were taken  from the last entries of Webster's Ninth New Collegiate            Dictionary. One was a specious word, not found in any dictionary.ZYMOSANZYGOSITYZYGOTENEZZALFRED              This took THE WORD 2 minutes and 43 seconds to       check the main dictionary plus an additional 57 seconds to check   the UPDICT.CMP dictionary anhere is only one upgrade dictionary,     SPELL.DIC. It is about 39K and has about 4040 words in it. Even    though that's quite an expansion of the capacity of SPELLM20, I    long ago quit upgrading this extra dictionary. One reason was      that it was slower and more difficult to upgrade and I could see   no big advantage in upgrading it since I was addicted to THE       WORD. The only reason I had to upgrade SPELLM20 was for the        benefit of others who didn't own a copy of THE WORD. Not a very    al               So I created yet another test file. To these words  above, I added a text that was 26K in size. All of those last      words plus a lot more were in this new test file. As it turned     out, there were 775 "unique" words in this test file; "unique"     meaning that 775 words were not repeated anyplace in the text.               This took a little longer, but not much. It         required 3 minutes and nine seconds to pass through the main       dictionary plus an additional 58 seconds to ch             SPECIALS.CMP. Quite a difference from the first test. So it        definitely took much longer to check, when the words being         checked started with letters at the end of the alphabet!               I also learned that ZIMBABWE was not misspelled. I  knew that it was not in my upgraded dictionaries, ---so it had to  have been in the MAINDICT.CMP dictionary. I was a bit surprised    at learning that. ZORBA, I knew, was in my SPECIALS.CMP and it     turned out that ZYMOSAN was not in any         OK, now how about the freebie, ---SPELLM20.COM? I   used the same test file that I used to test THE WORD:ZYMOSANZYGOSITYZYGOTENEZZALFREDAre you ready for this? It took 13 minutes and 58 seconds to       complete the checking. And it, too, found all words to be          "misspelled". Now let's have a closer look at SPELLM20 as I used   it.  The main dictionary of SPELLM20 (DICT.DIC) is much smaller    that the main dictionary of THE WORD. And so is the upgrading      dictionary. In SPELLM20, td seven seconds to check the           SPECIALS.CMP dictionary. These times are almost the same as the    previous test.               Next I added those three legitimate words to my     UPDICT.CMP dictionary. The idea here was to see if being a         legitimate word (one that is in THE WORD's dictionaries) would     cause any time difference from the previous test. It didn't! But   even though these were the last words in Webster's dictionary,     there were, after all, only four words being checked.truistic principle, I admit. But I felt that adding 4040 words   was not too shabby a contribution either.              But nearly 14 minutes! Is this realistic? I guess    it is if you are poor and can't afford to own a copy of THE WORD.  Just turn it loose and go watch TV for half an hour. And maybe     that isn't as facetious as it sounds!              However, I was curious as to just how much of that   14 minutes was due to checking through the upgrade (SPELL.DIC).    For instance, I know that THE s consistent in the time   it takes to check a file; the size of the file is relatively       unimportant. If all of the words in the file are checked early in  the searching process, it may be a bit faster. Also the use of     update dictionaries doesn't seem to materially slow the overall    process. This fact alone leads one to suspect that only the words  NOT encountered in the main dictionary are passed on to be         checked by UPDICT.CMP. Most likely this is a small list of words,  so it doesn't ta main dictionary. I do know that SPELLM20 is a paragon of           efficiency; it's just a bit shy on total words.              I learned something else in this little experiment.  When I deleted the file SPELL.DIC from the disc with SPELLM20      files, it did a totally unexpected thing.              In deleting SPELL.DIC, I didn't want to lose all     those 4000 words, so I copied it to the disc which had the file I  was checking for spelling. That was just a convenience.  But       SPELLM20 somehow CMP dictionary, because it simply wasn't    there.              The other test was a bit more unique. I went back    to an earlier version of THE WORD where the main dictionary was    only 135 K. The time it took to check the file with the old main   dictionary was just 2 minutes and 13 seconds. The difference can   only be attributed to the smaller size of the main dictionary.     Also, it was interesting to note that it found ZIMBABWE to be      misspelled. It was apparently not in the early version of o be spelled correctly. It took a mere 24    seconds to check this spelling! Then I restored the upgrade        dictionary, SPELL.DIC, and repeated the same test. This time it    took 13 minutes and 58 seconds. This almost duplicates the         results of the previous test. Finally, I checked this same four-   word file with THE WORD. The times here were just about the same   as the previous test. The main dictionary completed its task in 2  minutes and 46 seconds.              It appears that THE WORD iWORD is slower in using the          upgrades than it is in using just the main dictionary. So I        deleted SPELL.DIC from the SPELLM20 disc and rechecked the test    file.              Now it took only 32 seconds!!!  This is              substantially less time than THE WORD used to check its main       dictionary! Of course, THE WORD main dictionary is almost three    times larger than SPELLM20's main dictionary. Possibly some of     the improved speed might be due to a more efficient use of the    ke long to make this check. Similarly, the number  of words failing the UPDICT check is smaller still, so very few    words are checked by SPECIALS.CMP.              I ran two further tests to verify this. Like the     test with SPELLM20, where I removed the upgrade dictionary         (SPELL.DIC), I removed UPDICT.CMP and ran the test involving the   "Z" words. The time spent in checking the main dictionary was      exactly as before,--2 minutes and 43 seconds. No time was spent    in checking the UPDICT.found that file, SPELL.DIC, on that other disc    and used it. SPELL.DIC was not on the SPELLM20 disc, but it found  it anyway. When I removed it from the other disc, there was no     way it could find it. That's when it made that speedy check noted  above. Just to be sure that it wasn't going through the motions    of checking the test file, I created another test file with very   common words:TODAYTHISTHATOTHER              It obviously checked its main dictionary, because    it found these words tthe      main dictionary, but was in the later version.              Dictionaries are only as powerful as their size.     Conventional dictionaries come in sizes varying from a pocket      version all the way up to the unabridged versions. There in no     "standard" dictionary. In the unabridged variety, the two leading  dictionaries in the United States are Funk and Wagnall's and       Merriam-Webster's. It is generally conceded that the unabridged    Merriam-Webster is the final language authority for sit      might seem. For those who are interested, I refer you to an        article in the April 1989 IEAUG Newsletter entitled "CP/M FOR THE  ADAM, ---UPDATING DICTIONARIES".Thomas J. KeeneIEAUGle.  I guess I feel that it is surprising because of  the  high bandwidth requirements generally associated with video         images. In the compression of video movies the potential is even  greater.  This can readily be illustrated by considering anime situation is so utterly different   from other languages that there are many technical language        dictionaries. Electronics has a large special dictionary all its   own, as does the field of chemistry. And these dictionaries are    huge.              Many people cite the Oxford dictionary as the        ultimate authority of the English language but it is hardly a      dictionary at all,  ---more of an encyclopedia. When I was in the  Eighth Air Force in England in WWII, I wanted to buy an           project was constructed by one of     our IEAUG members. For reasons known only to the author, he        prefers to remain anonymous. If I had done this fine job, I would  want everyone to know what I had accomplished, but we shall        respect his wishes. Here then is an article on how one can         convert a standard 160K disc drive into a 720K disc drive,         ----and at a very low cost.WHY A 160 TO 720 K DRIVE?              WHY! Because its so easy & what a difference it      makes to your Ad so it is with spelling checkers for computers.   Even the best of them have limitations. And upgrading a spell      checker is a never-ending task. This is so universally recognized  that there are a fairly large number of word upgrades appearing    on bulletin boards such as Genie. I have found that a few of       these have some errors. But as a rule, the people who post these   upgrades are extremely conscientious and these errors are few.     And upgrading a spell checker dictionary is not as easy as chools,       colleges, courts of law, newspapers and all other publications in  the English-speaking world. But there are many specialty           dictionaries such as foreign language to/from English              dictionaries. English to/from German is dominated by Cassel's.     And there are any number of technical dictionaries which serve an  entirely different clientele. Even in this area there are          specialties within specialties. For example, in the field of       German technical language, th‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےA CONSTRUCTION PROJECT              There is always a demand for articles on how to      make something for your ADAM, especially for something most of us  would like to have. We are fortunate this month to have just such  an article.  This particular  unabridged dictionary. I thought that being in England would have  a special advantage in this regard. I tried all over London to     find a dictionary and I learned that English language              dictionaries were not published in Great Britain. Amazingly,       every dictionary in England came from the United States! Even      then, I had to special order it, since there were none to be       found in all of London!              As I noted, the size of a dictionary is a measure    of its worth. AnDAM system. It's not difficult or expensive.        REALLY! you say, but that's not what I have heard or thought. Well it really depends on how much you like to experiment or tinker.    What I mean is how much attention do you pay at theIEAUG meetings which I find have a lot of people that like to get  the most for their money out of their ADAM wonder ma- chine. I     call it that because there is no end to the wonderful things you   can do with your ADAM. It continually amazes mewhen I see or hear about  necessary parts needed, screws, a Male/female adapter plug if      needed depending on your new drive connection, a DCpower cable(4 wire) & a couple of face plates, (mine had 1) drive  unit. This will fill the gap that your old drive left in the front of the case. this is plastic and easy to cutout for the new smaller drive unit to slide thru.              Next replace the 160 Eprom with the 720 Eprom (see   Noah) on the ADAM control board. This is all that's re- quired for the changes on this unit. tarted after I heard a conversation at an IEAUG meeting that it   was easy to do. You simply use your original diskdrive case, frame & and control card inside, just replace the      existing drive unit with a new drive unit and a few minor changes  as follows. Trust me? I was flying blind when I didit. You are lucky this will tell you exactly how.             Start by turning your drive over & removing (6)       phillips head screws, incidentally keep track of which screws go   where, four of these scre two rail spacers. I bought my kit at ACP inS.A.,it cost me $9.95. You can buy them at the SWAP meet for as    low as $3.00.              Now bolt the new drive to either with 2 screws each  side. Then bolt this assembly into the ADAM frame holding the      control card 2 screws ea. side. Note! Slots on the sides will      allow you to adjust the drive to the correct position. You are now making headway and its not difficult is it?              Next the fun part, the ribbon & cable hook-up. The   new dreen) connector all from the con-trol card & set the drive unit aside.              NOW you are ready to make the change from one size   drive to the other. The following are the parts needed to com-     plete the job. (1)-3 1/2 disk drive (IBM PC,XT or AT)old or new versions (1)-Disk drive conversion kit(solid frame or rail spacers) (1)-6" long 34 wire ribbon (2)-Female 34 wire connectors press/on type(no soldering) (1)-720 E-prom              First check your conv. kit it should have all of thesomething new someone has tried &         accomplished. There is just no end to the future of ADAM as far as we know it.              The heading of this article is just one of the       things I found, I could do, that can be done with your ADAM which  ANYONE can do. AGAIN it's not difficult or expensive if you know   how to shop at SWAP meets and/or Electronics stores.              First I will tell you about my experience on         converting my ADAM 5, disk drive to a 3+ disk drive. It all        s             Note before assembling the new drive into your       computer the jumpers on the drive must be set in the proper        position for using in the ADAM system. Look for the drive select   switch and set it to DS0.                            Next check your conversion  kit it should have       necessary parts, screws, M/F adapter plug if needed, DC power      cable (4 wire) & a couple of face plates ( 1 altered is all you    will need). The kit should have either the solid frame adapter or  thews have the rubber feet under them, take  the side strips off, then remove the entire drive assembly from    the case by removing (4) more phillips screws 2 each side front &  rear that hold the frame assy. onto the case. Now pull the assy.   out & turn it over. The next step is to remove thescrews on each side of the drive unit from the frame & control     card. NOTE! Keep track of which screws go where. Disconnect the 34 wire ribbon, the single green wire dual connector & the 4 wire (2  black 1 red & 1 grive probably has the 34 pin connection on the oppo- site     side (mine did) & will require a longer ribbon since the new drive is much shorter. So instead of using the origionalshort ribbon and making another short ribbon & connecting the two  together male to female I just made one new Ribbonwith female connections on both ends. Just measure the length from the control board pins to the pins at the rear of the drive &      either use the M/F adapter or as I did just put female connections on both ends frame 2  screws and then the New Drive assembly into thecase 4 screws and finally mount the side strips 6 screws. Just the reverse of when you started. NOW WASN'T THAT EASY?              OH! incidentally I bought a used 3+ drive unit at an ACP SWAP meet for $10.00 so all of the parts necessary for this    conversion cost me less than $25.    "I said it wasn't DIFFICULT or EXPENSIVE, DIDN'T I."sure the striped marker on one side ofthe ribbon is on pin no.1 side. Watch orientation of pin no.s &    top or bottom to make sure you are assembling the new ribbon       correctly. Just double check this for a successful assembly.              It is not difficult to make any size ribbon          connections just line up the ribbon properly and use a small       C-CLAMP or 2 on wide connectors to press the connectors to-        gether. Some of us have been doing this for some time now for all  of our rir ADAM?    Is it time to throw it away?    Sell it?    Hide it?              We don't think so, and neither will you after        reading the latest from Coleco, third party producers and          Honeywell. This information was compiled AFTER Coleco announced    that it would stop producing ADAMs, so it should be reliable.1.  ABOUT COLECO    A. Yes, Coleco has stopped producing the ADAM computer  but    not ADAM utility and educational software. Coleco states that  it  will continue to produce before you reassemble this all back together in the case, hook up your drive power & 6 wire lines in the rear and  to the computer or other drive. Make sure you setthe drive No. switch to the right position and turn on the drive   switch. You are now ready for the supreme moment oftesting your NEW DRIVE when you turn on your master power switch   for your entire system. Good Luck!              After your successful test reassemble the new face   plate around the drive and the original case front to the of the ribbon.              NOTE! If you shop the swap meets its easy to find    misc. ribbons with connectors on them. I found mine at the ACP     store in S.A. (it was a 34 wire ribbon about a footlong with a female connection on it I paid $1.50 for it. Then I    bought a 34 Pin female press on connector at R-VAC elect. parts    store in El Toro for $1.66.              Making this assembly, ribbon to connector was  easy  just line up the connector & the ribbon carefully with the knife   blades. Make ‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےIT WAS ONLY YESTERDAY              I was looking through some of the early IEAUG        newsletters and I found a few interesting news items I'd like to   share with you. These are from the 30 January 1985 newsletter:    Is it time to give up on youbbon cables, for modems, for dumb terminals, for printers and now for drives. Try it and you will probably make all your     cables & ribbons this way believe me it's easier andcheaper. Who likes to solder?              Now back to the good stuff. Next plug in the 4 wire  DC power cable to the control board (same place as the other       drive) and plug the other end into the back of the new drive. Then Plug in your new 34 wire ribbon to the controlboard & the back of the new drive.              Next software in DDP and disc format until     the end of 1985 or even mid-1986. Educational and games            cartridges should be available for an indefinite period of time.   Here's some of the software  Coleco will bring to us:              1) CPM 2.2 - released 18 January in DDP format, and  soon on disc. This program will permit compatibility with WESTICO  (25 Van Zant St. Norwalk CT 06855) software to include WordStar,   MicroSoft Basic, GoldStar, CP/M Workshop, SuperCalc, Mailcom and   many others.     C. Unreal Software Company (Sage Enterprises) recently         released its PACKCOPY. This program will copy almost all DDP and   disc software, to include games. It is similar to ADAM Utility     Kit. Price is $41.50.3. ABOUT HONEYWELL:    Coleco's contract with Honeywell has another four years left,  so repairs will be no problem. Honeywell is continuing to carry a  good supply of games, software, peripherals, and supplies for the  ADAM.  Walk-in service is available in Torrance and San Diego.mmer.              4) Others include - Best of Electronic Arts, Coleco  Home Utility Pack, Math Quest, Berenstein Bears (mapping skill     game), Cabbage Patch Kids Workout (children's educational  game),  and MANY MORE text and graphic games.    B. Coleco produced only a small quantity of 64K memory         expanders and AdamCalc, so these may be hard to find. A final      production run of disc drives is in the planning. There are about  250,000 ADAMs currently sold with a total production of about   cost is $9.00 with a coupon. Coupons are available    by calling the Coleco Hot Line. This will add a lot to the         Modem's capability.NOTE THE DATELINE ABOVE  ---January 1985     control card 2 screws ea. side. Note! Slots on the sides will      allow you to adjust the drive to the correct position. You are now making headway and its not difficult is it?              Next the fun part, the ribbon & cable hook-up. The   new dinue producing     for ADAM. These include -Micro 2 Alpha 1, Sunrise, Data Backup,    Victory, C&C, SoftSync, Personal Peripherals, Extended Software,   Spiral, Home Entertainer, Unreal Software, and MANY MORE.    B. Image MicroCorp has announced that they will produce a 64K  memory expander for the ADAM which will be available in February.  Also, they say they will produce a speech synthesizer and an RS-   232 interface later in the year. The RS-232 will enable            substitution of another printer.Some of these programs will require the 64K memory    expander and/or a dual drive. It will also enable programming in   Cobol, Pascal and Fortran. The price should be about $70.00.              2) SmartBasic 2.2 - An expanded version of the       current Basic which will be available on DDP and disc.              3) ADAM Utility Kit - will be available on DDP and   disc and will enable copying most software to include  SmartBasic, SmartLogo, SmartFiler, etc. Should be available during the spring or suAND DON'T FORGET !!!!    If any of you hear or discover something that the rest of the  group would be interested in, please pass it along to us. Also,    pass information about our group to ALL other ADAM owners you      meet. The more support we receive, the more we can give.4. LATE NEWS:    A new upgraded telecommunications software DDP can be ordered  through Coleco by calling the Coleco Hot Line. The new software    has an UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD capability and autodial defeat for busy     signals. The    400,000 after all the existing parts are put together. The unsold  ADAMs were apparently bought by ODD LOT, a division of REVCO.      Coleco has indicated that they will make more technical support    available to third party developers, thereby encouraging third     party production of software and peripherals.  Coleco's toll-free  hot line will continue for another year, and they will continue    to honor all warranties.2. ABOUT THIRD PARTY PRODUCERS:    A. Many companies have stated they will cont‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےTHE BARRY PATCH:Our guest commentator this month is HARD NOSED HARRY who never     finds anything positive to say but does offer some unique          insights. THE NATIONAL AUG EXPOSED.As you are no doubt well aware some suggestions, hints, and    like an expansion draft in sports).Well while I agree in principal with this plan, I see problems.    What if ONLY l family member is an Adamite and is chosen by a      local AUG far from his (or her) home ????? Does the local AUG      have to take the family members too ?????? Will it be necessary    to split families ???? Personaly any family member who is not an   Adamite, in my humble opinion, is not worthy of taking anyway.     What about two Adamite familes , where different AUGS choose       diffe and destroyed. 2.  Are all the Canadians to be shipped to US of A so it will be  a NATIONAL AUG. 3.  What if some Canadians don't want to be shipped to US of A.   a.  Capital punishment or b.  WORSE, take away their Adams. 4.  What about the local AUGS.Well some answers, this reporter again relying on usually          reliable sources can give you his best feelings on this matter.Apparently ALL Canadians will be relocated to Camps or             reservations in various places in the desert regions    C. Unreal Software Company (Sage Enterprises) recently         released its PACKCOPY. This program will copy almost all DDP and   disc software, to include games. It is similar to ADAM Utility     Kit. Price is $41.50.3. ABOUT HONEYWELL:    Coleco's contract with Honeywell has another four years left,  so repairs will be no problem. Honeywell is continuing to carry a  good supply of games, software, peripherals, and supplies for the  ADAM.  Walk-in service is available in Torrance and San Diego.know    all, see all, do all and could not possible profit from sharing    our knowledge with other AUGS.WELL the plan is to BREAK UP the various local AUGS and            reassemble them into equivalent local AUGS.Each Present Local AUG can PROTECT 3-5 of their present members,   depending upon size of the AUG.  The balance will be placed in a   POOL of ADAMITES and the smaller AUGS, those finishing lower down  in the AUG standings will have first choice as to members of the   Adamite Pool.  (Something     proposals for a National AUG have been thrown out to see what      results they might produce.WELL this report relying upon usually relieable but of course      unnamed sources, can report as follows:This is a RIPOFF, RACKET AND A FAKE.  First just LOOK AT THE       NAME, NATIONAL AUG, what does this mean.  Well it means ILL FOR    CANADIAN MEMBERS, NOTE it did not say INTERNATIONAL AUG but ONLY   NATIONAL AUG.  This presents several interesting questions: l.  Are the Canadian AUGS to be disbandedrent family members ???? Will compensation or a future draft  choice be demanded ???As you can see all that gliters is not gold.  This National AUG    idea does have many little details to work out.  Personally I would trade Steve Murphy of the St.Louis AUG to       Akron from Ron Collins and an Adamite to be named later.  (I was   going to offer Wilson for trade but there were no takers). HARD    NOSED HARRY. of our        western states while awaiting assignment to a local AMERICAN AUG.OR it is possible ALL American Adamites will be relocated to       Camps or reservations in various frozen regions of northern        Canada while awaiting assignment to a local Canadian AUG.This depends on who wins the war, I think.Further the National AUG concept will only work IF ALL LOCAL AUGS  are equal.  Even now there is talk of why should our GREAT AUG     join, we have nothing to gain, we are so wonderful that we ‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےTHE ADAMANT ADAM              It used to be that when you told someone you owned   an ADAM, they pretty well knew what kind of a computer you were    using. Even enthusiastic ADAM users who have remained isolated     from the more progressive ADAM combut it sure isn't for lack of     program material in the field of graphics.              The versatile word processing programs, such as VDE  and WordStar have opened up the potential for creating very        professionally printed material with a modern 24-pin dot matrix    printer. These word processing programs which can use imbedded     commands, make the changing of style, foreign characters, and all  kinds of fonts as easy as typing with SMARTWRITER. We have         printing capabilities, like justlarly for many years. In talking with him I told him about  the various hardware and software items that all of us have been   using and he simply was astounded. He had no idea that there were  big capacity RAM drives and hard drives. In fact he was barely     aware of the power of CP/M and the vast array of public domain     software that we take for granted.              It's true that our ADAM has grown into an amazingly  versatile computer. In fact there are so many versions of the      ADAM that therof a 24   pin printer. If we have the money we can also use a laser printer  or an ink jet printer, but the extent of improvement is only       marginally better than an inexpensive 24 pin dot matrix printer.              When I told Yury Furman that there was a 2 Meg RAM   drive available for the ADAM and that many of us we regularly      using a 1 Meg RAM drive, he was amazed. But like printers and      disc drives, there are a number of models that have appeared from  third party developers.  And like with an   ADAM equipped with a dot matrix printer is awesome. In IEAUG, we   have long touted the great features of PRINTMASTER. The            proliferation of graphics that are available under PRINTMASTER is  very impressive. But POWERPAINT is also supported by a huge and    excellent collection of graphics.  PAINTMASTER has been around     for a long time and there are others. So many, in fact, that most  of us don't have enough time to become and remain proficient in    the use of all of these systems, munities can hardly recognize    the modernized ADAM.              Since we have started running our current series of  club notices in the various computer magazines, I have been        contacted by a number of ADAM users who had no idea that our club  existed and they are astonished to read about the developments     that the rest of us have been using for years.              This past week I received a telephone call from      Yury Furman of Woodland Hills.  He has an ADAM and has been using  it reguification and proportional         spacing that just a few years ago weren't possible, ---even for    publishing firms and newspapers. And we make use of these          features on a routine basis! It wasn't very long ago when EVE      Electronics was struggling to make their parallel interface        function at all.              To some extent, we can use a dot matrix printer      under EOS, but it is only under the aegis of CP/M (or its          equivalent) that we can fully utilize the inherent power e really isn't such a thing as a standard ADAM       anymore. Nearly all of us have some kind of a dot matrix printer   and quite a few of us have several. Just that one item of          equipment has a profound impact on our software choices. A simple  example is the wide variety of font programs that we all have      used at one time or another. Even BRADFORD has two entirely        separate programs with a huge selection of fonts in each system.   The number of graphic programs that have evolved for use the printers, they don't all     operate exactly the same. That has been one of the prices we have  had to pay. I remember when the first 3+ inch disc drives          appeared. There were two completely different designs being        marketed and we had a bad taste of the incompatibility problem     that has so torn the IBM community. Discs that were made on one    drive just couldn't be used on the other drive.              In time most of these problems were surmounted, but  the proliferation of systemsa great many different serial ports in use. In fact, on one    of my ADAMs which I have permanently set up, I have both a Micro   Innovations MIB2 and an Orphanware serial port. These two are      absolutely incompatible. I can't even use the same modem programs  on them.  Even if I am using MEX, the version I have for the MIB2  is 100% incompatible with the MEX version I use with the           Orphanware port; and vice versa.              This situation is prevalent all across the           equipment/sysy modem program of any persuasion that enabled us to      download programs from bulletin boards. Indeed, the program        supplied with the modem wouldn't download. And that was a slow     period of growth. The really good modem programs were only         available under CP/M, though that has changed too. Today, there    are so many excellent modem programs which work on the ADAM, that  it is really hard to make a strong case for recommending any one   of them. We all have our favorites, but usually we sr, I       share the 24-pin Epson printer with these ADAMs; I have a switch   selector box so that I can send the output from either ADAM to     the printer.              It is to be expected that some incompatibilities     will arise when we have a number of independent sources of         hardware. To a lesser degree we should anticipate some problems    with certain kinds of software. Until now, the systems software    of ADAM (the EOS) has been acceptable.  True, the SMARTBASIC that  has been standard e big league. Now, the only limit      appears to be what one can afford. However, it seems that most     people are content with 2400 baud, because it is reasonably fast   and quite affordable. There are so many different modems           available that a choice depends mostly on the price deal you can   get. I have not heard of any compatibility problems with the       modems themselves, but that isn't the case with the interface      (read: 4serial port5) that you chose for your modem. And there     are  and equipment still leaves us with    setups that don't work the same as other setups. In fact, many of  us have more than one ADAM set up with different combinations of   equipment and operating systems that are often incompatible.              For example, when I first started to use modem       communication, I started with the ADAMLINK 300 baud internal       modem. That was an experience in itself! As most of you also       started out with that ADAMLINK, you remember that at first there   wasn't antem picture. Here I am, with a computer that has      several serial port interfaces and I have to use different         controlling programs on this same computer. The parallel           interface situation is a lot better, but even here, I have one     manufacturers parallel interface set up on one of my ADAMs and     another manufacturers model on a companion ADAM. As a rule, I      have both ADAMS powered up and operational at the same time. Very  often I am operating both of them simultaneously. Howevetick with a    program just because we are comfortable with it, not because it    is the most efficient or versatile. The hardware side of this      picture has also improved with the years. When the first daring    ADAMites found success with 1200 baud modems, it came almost like  a revelation.  A modem that was four times faster than the         ADAMLINK was like driving in the Indy 500. And before you knew     it, we found that 2400 baud modems were cheap enough that we       could really step up into thfrom the beginning does have a few               eccentricities and the SMARTBASIC Version 2 has provided a few     minor improvements over the standard Version 1.0.  And the built-  in operating system had a number of changes before the R-80        version was finalized.                When Coleco released CP/M for the ADAM, we were      extremely fortunate that version 2.2 was the one selected.         Earlier versions were remiss in many respects, but version 2.2     was nearly perfect. But not everyonet    my dot matrix printer to operate from the RAM drive. Oddly         enough, I could use the 64K RAM drive and get hard copy on the     dot matrix printer. But every time I tried to send something to    the dot matrix printer from the big RAM drive, it would always     fail and go into a warm boot operation and that of course, threw   me out of the program I was running. I use the SEARCH.COM program  a great deal, and one of the options of SEARCH is that I can       direct the output to a printer. It cae improved systems would not run on a     standard CP/M. It was this problem that sealed the doom of these   CP/M substitutes.  And then ADAM got it's own tailor-made CP/M     substitute, the TDOS system. There was one notable advantage of    TDOS and that was it was public domain. But, there are many CP/M   programs that won't run under TDOS.              With all of the permutations that these              hardware/software combinations afford, it should come as no        surprise that we might encounteed as it should was when I was downloading a very     large file from a bulletin board. There are a lot of great         programs that won't fit on a 5, inch disc, and if I try to         download them to a data pack, it frequently happens that the slow  response of the data drive is so bad that the BBS thinks I have    quit and it throws me off. This has happened to me so many times,  that I completely despaired of ever using my ADAM to get a large   file. For those situations, I used my Zenith to get the own to be OK, I was only able to get it up to 512K. Not     bad, but then it had some other weird characteristics.              One of the most obnoxious things I found was that I  couldn't use PRINTMASTER from the RAM drive. One of the most       attractive features of a high memory RAM drive is that you can     copy a bunch of files (like all those files used in PRINTMASTER)   and then operate from the RAM drive instead of from a disc. This   of course is much much faster. However, I was never able to ge saw it that way. So there     were half a dozen "improved" versions of CP/M that hit the  market and some were configurable for the ADAM. And I was one of  the     people who purchased one of them. They were different and  there   were a few improvements in them. For example, you didn't  have to  warm boot the system when you replaced a disc. I found  that none  of the improvements were worth the cost and extreme trouble it took to adapt them to the ADAM. And worst of all, many  programs created for thesn also be used to direct the  output to a file on a disc or I can send the output to the         monitor screen. But if SEARCH.COM is operated from the RAM drive,  with the output directed to the printer, it does the same thing    as PRINTMASTER, ---it does a warm boot and throws me off of the    program. But if I use SEARCH.COM from my 64K RAM drive, it works   perfectly. Even though I found the large RAM drive useful for      other applications, I always felt that I was short changed. One    place it workr some unique performances. I know  that when I purchased my 1 Meg RAM drive from ADAM's House (Terry  Fowler) I was very disappointed in it's performance. At first I    could only get 250K storage maximum. That was nice but it was      only a fourth of what I had paid for and had expected. Others in   IEAUG had purchased the same RAM drive from the same supplier and  they did a lot better. I found that the 250K SIPPS that populated  the board were defective. But even after installing SIPPS that     were knfile and   then I null modemed the file to my ADAM from the Zenith. Finally,  the 1 Meg RAM drive made it possible to down load a large file     directly to the ADAM. And I got a bonus in the process; the RAM    drive was nearly instantaneous in off loading the buffer into  the RAM drive, whereas dumping the buffer to a disc took about 40      seconds. This saved money when connected to CompuServe,            especially when operating at 2400 baud. The off loading of a       buffer was no faster at 2400 bauw that it gives a really weird  screen presentation when using a 30 column screen. It always       looked normal when using an 80 column screen. I learned to live    with the 30 column screen but I can sure see why someone else      might think that it wasn't worth the trouble. Then one day Norm    Castro told me that PRINTMASTER gave a really nice screen          presentation in 30 column when it was operated under TDOS45. He    was right! Now why that is, I have no idea. Again, I don't think   that Tony Med that there was some     strange incompatibility that resulted from the combination of the  dot matrix printer, the parallel interface, the RAM drive and the  programs themselves.  Still I had been able to use the printer     from the RAM drive when the RAM drive was Coleco's 64K card. I     just figured that the problem was somehow due to the 1 Meg drive.  It had given me other strange problems, and was generally          unsatisfactory.              So then I tried copying a lot of files from a 3+    during speech, it consists  of just two or three simplistic movements repeated over and over.      Smoothness is missing altogether.  Just think of the vast amount    of savings this creates.  Only a few cells are needed to provide    the animation. Even the conversion of a motion picture to a television image      calls for a 25% increase in transmission time just to achieve       acceptable aesthetics.  This results from two separately arrived    at set of standards.  In the early days of sound motion p from the RAM drive, if  it is a Coleco 64K drive but not if it is an ADAM's House 1 Meg    Ram drive! The 1 Meg drive stores 512K under CP/M but stores 712K  under TDOS. The dot matrix printer can't be operated from the 1    Meg RAM drive under CP/M but it can under TDOS. I don't think      that Tony Morehen had this in mind when he created TDOS. I found   another bonus when using PRINTMASTER under TDOS.              Those of you who might recall that series of         articles we ran on PRINTMASTER, knod than at 300 baud, so the         advantages of 2400 baud were significantly diminished. The RAM     drive was a real money saver in this application. And it never     malfunctioned once that I recall.              I recently made a discovery when fooling around      with TDOS and my large RAM drive.  I don't recall how I was        inspired to make this experiment, but I found that under TDOS45,   I could successfully print files from the RAM drive on my dot      matrix printer. Up until now I had assumorehen had this in mind when he developed TDOS.              But once again, we see that the ADAM doesn't always  behave the same under conditions that we would expect identical    performance. These inconsistencies, are rarely mentioned anywhere  in the literature. If it wasn't for things like the ADAMCONs or    club newsletters, these things would never be known by the         majority of users.Thomas J. KeeneIEAUG inch disc to the RAM drive while operating under TDOS45. I found   that I could store 712K on this drive that under CP/M let me       store only 512K. This is very bewildering, but it is a fact! And   I checked those files I copied to the RAM drive and every one I    tried worked perfectly. Of course, this is good news for me, but   it doesn't sound too good for the overall compatibility of these   various items of equipment and software. Some combinations work    sometimes, but not others. A printer works‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےMISCELLANEOUSBYE-BYE, -BIRDIE -BARRY              What's going on here? First Pat Herrington           announces her departure from MOAUG.  Now Barry Wilson formally     announces that he is disposing of most of his ADAM hardware and    software. Ba     under money owed to creditors.              Domino's ranked USC as the 28th stingiest school     out of 486 surveyed for tipping delivery drivers.              "Hillside Strangler" Kenneth A. Bianchi sued a       novelty trading card firm for $6.75 million, alleging it           exploited his name on a set of cards featuring some of the         nation's most notorious criminals.              A Dodgers "See You At Dodgers Stadium" ad featured   Darryl Strawberry and Eric Davis, neither of whom werl Gerson    who published one of the all-time best newsletters, -- AUGMENT;    how soon they are forgotten. I recall when Ed Jenkins was a major  supplier of ADAM equipment. And the contributions of Barry         Wallis, Charles Kolander and Wayne Motel have no equal on the      modern scene. I suppose this is inevitable, but it still comes as  a bit of a shock. Pat and Barry have been such prolific            contributors to ADAM literature and they have remained after       others departed. It just won't lear energy  began with the Manhattan project and extended through an           investigation of the Three-Mile-Island near disaster.              Kemeny and a colleague at Dartmouth, Prof. Thomas    Kurtz, invented BASIC computer language in 1964. It remains today  as the most widely used computer language ever conceived.  He      received his doctorate from Princeton when he was 23. He served    as a soldier in WWII and was president of Dartmouth from 1970 to   1981. His achievements there were enormoustorical figures deserve to be       pictured on U.S. Currency.              Wall Street Week host, Louis Rukeyser, promoted his  new newsletter with a brochure that boasted he was "the only       person in history to eat at every three-star restaurant in France  before age 30".              A Redondo Beach farm listed 250 ostrich eggs as      assets in a bankruptcy petition.              Former Los Angeles thrift executive, Charles         Knapp's bankruptcy papers listed $5234 in dry cleaning bills  rry didn't say outright that he was departing the      ADAM scene, but it sure does sound like it. Not long ago, Lyle     Marschand said goodbye. When Syd Carter and Sol Swift sang their   swan songs, I thought that maybe they had found greener pastures   with some other computer.  NAH!!! But we sure have seen a lot of   prominent ADAM users bid us adieu. I mean super giants like        George Havach, Darrel Sage, John Moore, Joel Lagerquist, Buck      Rogers, Al Roginski and John Mesiavech. And guys like Ae seen much   last year because of injuries.              Former Lincoln Savings kingpin, Charles Keating      worked three meals as day in prison, setting and clearing tables.              Former Texas Governor,  John Connally, described     Keating as a "man of great vision" in a letter to a judge.OBITUARY NOTICE              John G. Kemeny, a former president of Dartmouth      College, co-creator of the widely used computer language, BASIC,   is dead. He was a scientist whose involvement with nucbe the same.1992 WAS A VERY GOOD YEAR              Convicted Newport Beach swindler, Steven D. Wymer    made a "100 best money managers" list.              The Lakers owner, Jerry Buss, marketed (via a toll-  free number) 8-by-10-inch pieces of the original Forum basketball  court for $995 each, or $12.44 a square inch.              A Beverly Hills chiropractor offered a "recession    stress special".              Five people responded "Abraham Lincoln" when         answering a survey on which his, among which was the    first admission of women to that campus in 1972. He died of a      heart attack  at age 66.CLICHS OF THE YEAR              Don't you really get tired of some of the buzz       words and clichs used by the media and politicians? How about      "recession-proof" or "jump-start the economy"? I just love  "level playing field" and "reinvent the wheel". I don't much care  for    "empowering employees" either. But this one takes the cake --      -"resigning to pursue other interests".a great many different serial ports in use. In fact, on one    of my ADAMs which I have permanently set up, I have both a Micro   Innovations MIB2 and an Orphanware serial port. These two are      absolutely incompatible. I can't even use the same modem programs  on them.  Even if I am using MEX, the version I have for the MIB2  is 100% incompatible with the MEX version I use with the           Orphanware port; and vice versa.              This situation is prevalent all across the           equipment/sysely astonished. I remember when I had a 5,  inch drive converted by John Lingrel, I paid close to $200 for     the conversion. These were done for less than $50. I hope that we  can prevail on one of these members to write us an article on how  they did it.IBM IN THE TOILET              I guess that most of us have been reading about the  amazing decline of IBM.  And like General Motors, they have only   their own incompetent management to blame for their plight. The    magnitude of the IBM fall is someftware and         hardware.  Our Adams would go to the wall and die.We must keep in touch with the Adam world and people like Keith,    who for the last seven years have put a lot of time and effort      into supporting members needs at no profit to his self.We all have money tied up in aour Adams so why throw it all away    and lose a good newsletter.For the last four years i have wanted a disk drive and was days     away from ordering a 5.25 drive, but now i am going to hold on to   see if this ONL year of $4.965 -billion-! That amounts to over  $13.6    million every day! Are they a part of the federal government and we just haven't been told? But the real losers are  the people who bought their products! T.J.K. choice depends mostly on the price deal you can   get. I have not heard of any compatibility problems with the       modems themselves, but that isn't the case with the interface      (read: 4serial port5) that you chose for your modem. And there     are DECEMBER MEETING              Our December meeting was a festive occasion! We had  every conceivable thing to eat and drink. I guess we all really    like the Christmas season. We had a nice turnout too.  And as      usual, we had several ADAMs set up and they all got a good         workout. One highlight of the meeting was a revelation. Two of     our members, Bob Smalley and Gord Cook had both converted a        standard 160K disc drive to a 3+ inch 720K disk drive at a very    low cost. I was absolut‚DےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےI can not believe what i am reading in the latest newsletter on     the lack of support for the Adam and the last survey.  Don't the    members realize that any User group needs support to survive.  If   our user group finished where would we get our sothing to behold! The stunning     decline of the value of IBM stock wiped out $28 billion in paper   wealth of its shareholders! Six months ago, on July 16th, IBM      stock closed at $100.25 per share. Yesterday, 6 January 1993, it   had fallen to $48.50 per share, ---less than half what it was in   July!!! But this eleven year low is just part of the problem.      They laid off over 40,000 people last year with more big layoffs   looming! It is hard to comprehend but IBM suffered a staggering    loss lastY UK Adam support group is around in a few months    time.Get those surveys filled in and sent back to Keith, let him know    we are out here supporting him and the Adam.  Now on another note, i believe that the importers of Adam the       Ideal Toy co sold about seven thousand Adams in the UK, so if say   our group accounts for sixty of them where are the rest.  Some      have been thrown out, others have been destroyed, and the rest  are just waiting to join our User group.If five thousand Adams surlear energy  began with the Manhattan project and extended through an           investigation of the Three-Mile-Island near disaster.              Kemeny and a colleague at Dartmouth, Prof. Thomas    Kurtz, invented BASIC computer language in 1964. It remains today  as the most widely used computer language ever conceived.  He      received his doctorate from Princeton when he was 23. He served    as a soldier in WWII and was president of Dartmouth from 1970 to   1981. His achievements there were enormousith James that this group has seen a lack of support    recently but we are still here and ready to sort out your needs.    Who do you turn to and how much will you have to pay if you had a   different computer and something goes wrong or you can't            understand the manual that came with your latest software           purchase? Stick with Adam and UKAS will stick with you.  If you     can get to a library and they will allow it, why not post up a      small ad outling our services to anyone who may inal            preparations for our holiday and when we get back it will be 'all  hands on deck' again for the OPEN DAY.    SURVEY I still did not get as many responses to the survey appeal as I    had hoped dispite my heavy critisism of membership support in the  last issue.  You guys are tougher than I thought but I think I     can 'hang fire' just a little bit longer for those who promised    to send them and have not yet done so.  "A promise is a comfort    to a fool" as the saying goes.  Are you g.....  Keithals as day in prison, setting and clearing tables.              Former Texas Governor,  John Connally, described     Keating as a "man of great vision" in a letter to a judge.OBITUARY NOTICE              John G. Kemeny, a former president of Dartmouth      College, co-creator of the widely used computer language, BASIC,   is dead. He was a scientist whose involvement with nucvive today and all belonged to one User   group think of the buying power they would have.  We could have     anything developed for the Adam and by buying in bulk we would  get good deals.So i have an idea, what if we the members all paid TEN POUNDS  each towards an advert in one of the National newspapers or  computer    magazine letting the other 4955 Adam owners know there  is a user   group to support their needs.  Would 450 pounds be enough.  Its just a thought. AAF\0694 J.  HOWARDED:I agree w‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےWelcome to the summer 1993 issue of the UKAS journal.  I hope you  are all enjoying a well earned break from school and business and  I hope that using your ADAM's will also help you relax.  By the    time you get this, my family and I will be making fbe an Adam owner.   Why not write to one of the computer magazines that you'll find  on the shelves of any newsagent and tell them that we exist just  in   case an ADAM owner subscribes to it.  These ideas are free  apart   from a postage stamp.  I have written to Computer Shopper  recently as I have done and got results on several occasions and  I am       hopeful that we will get a mention in their September or  October   issue.  Why not do the same.  Strenghth in numbers is  what it's    all about.......oing to make a fool out   of me? Thank you for your support to those who did reply on time   and because of this we can retain the support of all those         developers around the world.  Every time you read about a new      software title or a new device to be added to ADAM's multitude of  ports, take pride in the fact that YOU, either directly or         indirectly, influenced its development.  I will calculate and      print the results and send them with the next issue of this        Journal.   Whenuld not make it to     this year's exhibition.  That does not mean that the other 42      members will attend.  I have 10 members and their family who       intend to support us and the other 32 just hav'nt bothered to      reply either way.  I hope you all read the letter submitted by     James Howard who shares my dissappointment.   I hope to have a few more people say they will attend by the time  I get back from my holiday.  I have answered a one or two people   on the CP/M TECH ECHO (INFOTEL BBS) whothat someone would  like to get in touch.    ADAM ECHO I have asked Bob Garbutt to reinstate our link to the rest of the  world but at a cost.  I have offered to pay that part of his       telephone bill that is concerned with making the call to the node  in the USA to pick up the messages and transmit our own.  It       would have been totally free if we had used it more often than we  did.  He has yet to reply to this but he did inform me that there  is a system called INTERNET which would cost him lethe same  sort of thing in their local paper.  Even though the venue is in   South London, we know of ADAM owners as far afield as Edinburgh,   Scotland and Cornwall.   Amongst the items we have been asked to display and demonstrate    are:   The 80 Column Monitor System Modems Disk Drives 22 DISK   THE 5th ADAM ANUAL CONVENTION This was held in Salt Lake City Utah USA.  As I was unable to      attend I have to waut for reports to come in from the other        newsletters I trade with.  Rumour hading me all the messages on disk in     compressed files.  I have asked Bob if we can uncrunch them and    upload them to his BBS and I am still waiting for his answer.    CARTRIDGES If you would like to be included on the TELEGAMES mailling list    to receive their special offers on games, send your name and       address to:  TELEGAMES, KILBY BRIDGE, WIGSTON, LEICESTER LE18 3TE  (ENGLAND).  Don't forget to mention that you are a UKAS member.    OPEN DAY Only 3 members have informed me that they co you look at the results and look down the list of software,   hardware and books, you will see what other UKAS members are       using.  You may acertain from the results that another member has  the same interests as you or someone with the same ADAM setup and  you might want to contact them.  We will respect all member's      privacy and anonymity but if you would like to contact these       members with the same interests as you, we will publish YOUR       details, with your permission, and notify them  expressed an interest in   the Coleco ADAM after they read my plea to have the ADAM ECHO re-  instated.  They were non-adam owners but since their computer can  run CP/M applications we have something in common.  They may drop  in out of curiosity.   I have written to Computer Shopper with a brief article on the     ADAM and our OPEN DAY.  We may have interested parties as a        result of this.  I also intend to make the Croydon Advertiser      aware also (if I have time).  Perhaps our members can do ss to maintain  as a SYSOP.  Briefly, INTERNET can link into FIDONET and           COMPUSERVE so you can leave messages to users accounts in both of  these and more, without having to log in and out of each one.      This all sounds promising but again, if it is not supported he     might not go ahead with the idea.  Modems are cheap right now.     If you don't have one, let us know and we will help you decide     where to get one and how to hook one up.  Guy Cousineau heared of  our plight and has been sens it that I have been          inducted into the Gallery Of Honour but this is to be confirmed.   This came from Bart Lynch whi supplies our A.N.N.  disks and is    also inducted.  Congratulations Bart!!    NEW STUFF WordSTAR 3.0 is not exactly new but it has a new price which is    LOW.  Unfortunately, the package only comes on a single disk or a  single data pack.  This leaves no room for the many utilities it   used to be packaged with including the dictionary that is used     with WordSTAR's built-ily tapped the potential that is available to     us.              Every minute of every day, a foolish and wasteful    American population casually destroys the computational            equivalent of roughly one million Cray YMP supercomputers. This    is technological waste of epic proportions. You can help prevent   this wanton squandering of our precious digital resources  ---or   you can turn the page.              Even as you read this, millions of personal          computers and workstations are sware is reviewed this issue.  The      level detail achieved with PowerPAINT is truly remarkable.   That's all for now - See you at Stanley Halls, September 4th for   our OPEN DAY..........Keith   choice depends mostly on the price deal you can   get. I have not heard of any compatibility problems with the       modems themselves, but that isn't the case with the interface      (read: 4serial port5) that you chose for your modem. And there     are zilian rain forest of computing every day. (Of   course, on the scale of political correctness, preserving          computational cycles isn't nearly as fashionable as preserving     air, water or endangered species.)              Consequently comrades, there is a spectre haunting   computerdom ---the spectre of computational communism. From each   processor according to its abilities; to each according to its     needs. Why not tap into this vast reservoir of unused computing?   Stop treating personal co‚Cےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے  ARE COMPUTERS BEING FULFILLED?              In this article by Michael Schrage the vast          majority of computers in the United States are going to waste. We  have the greatest computing capacity of any nation in the world,   yet we have scarcen Spelling Checker.  That is where your     friendly User Group comes in.  We have added two more disks or     data packs and one of them will hold the whole dictionary.   Pat Herrington has sent us demo packages of FONTASY 1A and 2A      which re very impressive indeed.  We will carry a review as soon   as possible.   THE COLLECTOR, by Hexace Software, allows you to copy all of your  Hexace titles onto one self booting medium where you can choose    any one from a menu.   WAYNES TRAINS from Loco Softitting on desks across America,    silently waiting for something to do. Won't you help them?              According to surveys conducted by the Lawrence       Livermore National Laboratories and others, these machines lie     idle 95% to 97% of the time. For more than 22 hours a day, these   high-powered microprocessors aren't solving any problems or        adding any value; they're merely wasting computational cycles.              Multiply this waste by the millions and you'll know  were burning a Braa great many different serial ports in use. In fact, on one    of my ADAMs which I have permanently set up, I have both a Micro   Innovations MIB2 and an Orphanware serial port. These two are      absolutely incompatible. I can't even use the same modem programs  on them.  Even if I am using MEX, the version I have for the MIB2  is 100% incompatible with the MEX version I use with the           Orphanware port; and vice versa.              This situation is prevalent all across the           equipment/sysmputers and workstations as mere          individuals or networkers; start treating them as part of a giant  metasupercomputer that is fuel-injected by recycling all those     wasted processors.              "We're powering several critical computational       applications for our physics and chemistry departments literally   out of the recycled garbage of the computer science de-            partment." says David Gelernter, a Yale University computer        science professor. In other words, Yale's scienc many companies simply  buy another machine rather than effectively reuse their existing   computer "waste product".              "This new paradigm is the crucial sociological foot  in the door." Gelernter asserts. "because companies aren't         interested in investing in exotic supercomputing hardware.         They'd rather invest in what they already have. (What's more)      because of the cost-effectiveness of the approach, top  management becomes interested.... You've invested in all this equipmeo this sort of "parallel processing" solution.              It's the reverse of computer time-sharing; instead   of users drinking from a central reservoir, each user can steal a  sip from any machine on the network. By connecting through a       special operating system, individual computers are thus melded     into a virtual supercomputer. Even as part of your PC munches on   your word processor, it can also be nibbling on a complex          engineering calculation. Problems too tough for your PC are   workstations together into metasupercomputers poses a      competitive threat to genuine supercomputer companies such as      Cray, Convex and Thinking Machines. But the odds are this trend    toward supercomputational communism will make their economic       advantage more difficult to discern.              To be sure, some people may argue that since         computing power is becoming cheaper by the minute, who cares if    we waste a few cycles here and there? But then, isn't that what    they used to  as distasteful as sharing their toothbrush or lending     their car keys to an accident-prone colleague. The trick will be   to create metacomputer operating systems that make the actual      operation of the virtual supercomputer invisible to individual     users.              However, the idea of "buying" a supercomputer        that's already there is incredibly alluring to capitalistic        companies looking to get more for less. If a company can recycle   paper, why not recycle computer cycles? Tooe computations     are being powered by all those idle processors.              Gelernter has been a pioneer in promoting what he    calls "ensemble computing" or, more colorfully, "piranha           processing". In effect, use all these multiple processors to       nibble the problem to death.              The logic is childishly simple; if two computers     can solve a problem twice as fast, 50 computers can solve it 50    times as fast. It turns out that most complex problems lend        themselves tnt that's doing nothing most of the time; why acquire this  reservoir of unused power?"              Indeed, cutting-edge companies such as Motorola      have just begun to explore the idea of using software to           transform their installed base of workstations into metasupercom-  puters. Wall Street firms ---which make as heavy use of computers  as virtually any American company ---are also investing            internally.              It's too early to determine if digitally knitting    PCs and      automatically cracked into digestible chunks and sent to other     processors.              As a rule of thumb, Gelernter estimates that 30 to   50 Sun Microsystems workstations are roughly equal one Cray.       Indeed, Sun Microsystems has a program called Godzilla that turns  Sun networks into parallel processing supercomputers. As the       microprocessors become more powerful, so will the virtual          supercomputers.              Of course, some people may find sharing their        computersay about the ocean and the atmosphere? Remember, a   microprocessor is a terrible thing to waste!PS. I don't think microprocessors are terrible!T.J.K. choice depends mostly on the price deal you can   get. I have not heard of any compatibility problems with the       modems themselves, but that isn't the case with the interface      (read: 4serial port5) that you chose for your modem. And there     are  are GE-U25B, FA/2, SDGO, SHARK, F-7, SW/1500, RS, and the CABOOSE  shown below alone with SHARK.  Also on Disk 1 is a very good       documentation file which should first be read or printed out       using SmartWRITER.Disk 2 contains 11 PowerPAINT BINARY 10K picture files of          Railroad Cars or rolling stock.  The files are called BOX-CAR,     CABOOSE, BAGG.CAR (double screen), GON, FLAT-CAR, 1920Diesel       (double screen), 1920-PAS (double screen), STREETCAR, C- HOPPER,   CABOOSE-B, and RDC (do‚Cےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے WAYNE'S TRAINS From by Loco Software Reviewed by K.A.  MarnerThis is a massive collection of graphic files that come on 3       disks or 2 digital data packs containing PowerPAINT compatible     pictues of railway engines, cars, and miscellaneous rae computations     are being powered by all those idle processors.              Gelernter has been a pioneer in promoting what he    calls "ensemble computing" or, more colorfully, "piranha           processing". In effect, use all these multiple processors to       nibble the problem to death.              The logic is childishly simple; if two computers     can solve a problem twice as fast, 50 computers can solve it 50    times as fast. It turns out that most complex problems lend        themselves tI 48746 USA or phone   0101 (517) 871-4057The first disk contains 7 PowerPAINT BINARY 10K picture files of   Diesel Engines and 1 PowerPAINT BINARY 10K picture file of a       Caboose.  The Diesel Engine pictures are too large to fit in one   cell so they have been spilt up into 2 picture files which have    to be loaded in one cell at a time in order to get the full        picture.  Printing them is just a matter of using PowerPAINT's     PRINT WORKSPACE or PRINT HEADER.  The double screen ENGINE files  a great many different serial ports in use. In fact, on one    of my ADAMs which I have permanently set up, I have both a Micro   Innovations MIB2 and an Orphanware serial port. These two are      absolutely incompatible. I can't even use the same modem programs  on them.  Even if I am using MEX, the version I have for the MIB2  is 100% incompatible with the MEX version I use with the           Orphanware port; and vice versa.              This situation is prevalent all across the           equipment/sysuble screen)Disk 3 contains 6 PowerPAINT BINARY 10K picture files of Steam     Engines of which 2 are below, 6 CLIPPER Z80 1K clip-art files and  5 SpritePOWER BINARY 2K sprite sets of railway related objects.As I have stated, I am no expert, but it is very clear that a lot  of hours went in to produce these pictures and I hope I have       printed out the right ones to give you an idea of that hard work.ilway        related objects.  I am no expert but the pictures are very         detailed, as only PowerPAINT can depict, and cover full screen     and double screen pictures of 7 Diesel Engines, 6 Steam Engines    and 12 different Railroad Cars the Caboose.  Also included are 6   Engine Clips and over 100 railroad related sprites.LOCO SOFTWARE is a new developer and if you are a real train       enthusiast, you migh like to contact its proprietor, Wayne         Blackmer, at 8102 Willard Rd.  Millington, M‚CےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےThe ADAM News Network publication for September, 1993Disk #2:Thomas Keene of the Inland Empire ADAM User's Group has, over  the years, been one of the most prolific and interesting writers       within the ADAM Community.  His specialty is CP/M and ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے  "VAST      H   Are computers being fulfilled?We also have several interesting articles from Keith Marner of     the United kingdon AUG in England, including:ADAMECHO  H    Copies of messages and from FIDONET's ADAM ECHO               which reached England.UKNEWS    H    Keith's regular ADAM news series.UKLETTER  H    A letter from a UKAS member.WAYNTRAN  H    A review of Wayne's Trains And finally, out of the past comes Hard-nosed Harry with the       solution to an international dilemna:NAT-ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےwe are most  fortunate in having him provide us with a large number of his      articles.  We will publish his articles each month beginning with  the following contained on this disk:COMMENT   H   A malaise in ADAMLAND?COMPRESS  H   File compression - and ADAM has it.FILES     H   Editing sequential files.FUN       H   Testing spell checkersGORDREV   H   How to convert a 160K to a 720K driveMEMLANE   H   News items from early 80'sNEWSTUFF  H   musings about the ADAMPPOUR001  H     "       "     " ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےAUG   H       documentation file which should first be read or printed out       using SmartWRITER.Disk 2 contains 11 PowerPAINT BINARY 10K picture files of          Railroad Cars or rolling stock.  The files are called BOX-CAR,     CABOOSE, BAGG.CAR (double screen), GON, FLAT-CAR, 1920Diesel       (double screen), 1920-PAS (double screen), STREETCAR, C- HOPPER,   CABOOSE-B, and RDC (doےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے