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‡&READMETWOA–ïBLOCKS LEFTکTHE FOLLOWING IS A TEXT FILE FROM THE IEAUG SEPTEMBER l99l   NEWSLETTER. These were provided by Tom Keene, an extraordinary man I had the great pleasure of meeting at Adam Con 03.  Tom has       translated his articles from CPM to EOS for ease of ANN use.Those of you already familar with Tom Keene's writings know  of his high quality writing, his obvious intelligency and    insight as well as his command of the English language. We are most happy the now more of you will be able to        benefit fromdth.  They can  quit at that point, or also      justify to even mar-     gins.              Note:   There is one  additional  program written                 by Irv Hoff that merely justifies to even                 margins.  It makes no effort to reformat.                 It needs no ".dot commands".  It is named                 "JUSTIFY.COM".  It can be used with ASCII                 files produced by any normal text editor.               JUSTIFYING:     ----------          This is illustrry spacing of the characters in a text. Of course, the  standard     ADAM printer doesn't have this feature. Nor does any    other daisy wheel     printer. The older dot matrix printers such as the      early Panasonic and     Epson  printers,  in  themselves did not support        proportional spacing,     but with Bradford, you could do this and you could even use Bradford's     built-in justify feature (although that wasn't          completely satisfactory     either). There have been a number of e---------------------         WORDSTAR 4.0 -  This is  (by some margin)  the least     suitable         of all.  If the line needs only one fill blank it   ALWAYS         goes between the last two words.  If two fill       blanks are         needed, the second one always goes between the      first two         words.  If three are needed the third is always     included         at the right side.  If the line had ended with      something         like this:                    xxxxxxxxxat the rightubject of formatting programs in general. This is that article.                              Comments on text format programs.         22 March 1988          INTRODUCTION:     ------------     There are at least three  public domain (free) text     formatting programs:              ALPHATXT         RNF13         ROFF4          They all have quite a bit in common, using ".dot"       commands. They all     can reformat, by "filling lines" as close as possible   to  your requested     line wi Tom's skill as A.N.N. will be carrying his      articles.=============================================================                         A FEW WORDS ON FORMATTING TEXT                         I  have  discussed  the  layout  of text in   the newsletter a     number of times in the past. One of the major  aspects  of  formatting     text  is  the  justification  of  text There are many   ways this can be     done, and one of the best is the use of a printer that  has the ability     to vaated in the examples  at the end of this review.  Re-     sults of these various programs are included:              ALPHATXT        - Rich Abbot's p.d. program, Turbo  PASCAL         JUSTIFY         - Irv Hoff's program, assembly      language         RNF13           - C.B. Falconer's program, special  PASCAL         ROFF4           - Ernest Bergmann's program in 'C'         WordStar 3.3    - Sold by MicroPro         WordStar 4.0    - Sold by MicroPro               SUMMARY OF EACH SYSTEM:     -xotic CP/M        programs which  could     take  a  normally written text and justify it later.    That intellectual     giant, Irv Hoff, wrote one of the best text  justifying programs;  it     doesn't  do  anything  else,  but it is a very short    program and it is     excepti fast. Not only that, it does the best job of    justifying  text     on  a  daisy  wheel  printer  that  I  have ever seen.  At the time Irv     released this masterpiece, he also wrote a  splendid    article  on  the     s side.  If                                          ^^                                          2 blanks after a   period.              and you  needed at least three fill blanks,         WordStar 4.0         would always wind up with this:                    xxxxxxxxxat the right side.    If                                          ^^^^                                             2 extra blanks  added         Thus WordStar 4.0 always  starts at the right side, then         alternates blanks from  2 extra blanks  added          ALPHATXT - Very imaginative.  Appears to use a random   system         that is  difficult to  predict, to  insert blanks   in the         line.  It is very likely the best of all such       justifica-         tion programs with the possible  exception of Irv   Hoff's         JUSTIFY.  I say  "possible exception"  as ALPHATXT  also         suffers from  the same weakness  all those  already men-         tioned have, of putting  extra fill characters      where two   re         needed, the first line would have  two at the right side         and one at the left side, the second line would     have two         at the left side and one at the right side.              Thus WordStar 3.3 is identical  to WordStar 4.0 if  there         are an even number of fill characters needed,       putting an         equal number on both the left side and right side   of the         line.  With  an odd number, the greater  number     will al-         ternate from right side to l works just fine but if reformatting                 files that have 'fill blanks' already in                 them from a prior justification, they do                 a very poor job.  Not only are those re-                 tained but additional ones added to make                 the present line the correct width.  The                 result can be rather grotesque, although                 it is fair to say few  people would have                 any incentive to reformat such an exist-           imaginative, but  does  look         substantially better than WordStar, which  can have some         "holes" on every  line on both  sides, assuming     for now         that each line would require at least two blanks.              Like WordStar, both of these programs can easily    put two         extra blanks in an area that already has two        blanks:                    xxxxxxxxxat the right side.    If                                          ^^^^                                            right side, left side, right side         left side, etc. It can (and often does) leave       outlandish         gaping holes at the end of sentences that correctly ter-         inate with two spaces following the punctuation.              WORDSTAR 3.3 - Marginally  better than WordStar 4.0.  If only         one blank fill is needed, it alternates between the last         two words and the  first two.  If two blanks are    needed,         it comes  out identical  to WordStar 4.0.  If       three a      might already exist, easily  making up to  four at  those         locations:                    xxxxxxxxxat the right side.    If                                          ^^^^                                             2 extra blanks  added              NOTE:   When formatting, WordStar  and  ALPHATXT                 leave the text as they found it, but at-                 tempt to fill the line as closely to the                 requested length as they can.  Generally                 thiseft side.          RNF13     ROFF4 - These  are a noticeable  improvement  over      WordStar.         However, if  only one  blank is needed, both  do it just         like WordStar 3.3.  (First line puts  the  blank    between         the last  two words, second  line puts the blank    between         the first two words.)              With two or more blanks, the first line puts them   all on         the right side, the second  line  puts  them all    on the         left side, etc.  Not  very        ing file.  Other programs such as ROFF4,                 for example, make this quite easy to do.               JUSTIFY - This program  has several features  that are  some-         what unusual.  Instead of only using the right end, then         the left end, it als  uses the  middle.  In         addition, it         never puts  any fill blanks between  the first two  words         or the last two (uness they are the only locations  left)         as do all  the other programs  with the excep  blank  and could  have  been used for better               appearance.                 3) JUSTIFY is the only such program  that fills               out lines at the end of a paragraph that are               within 3-4 columns of normal length.               NOTE:  Perhaps a comment  should be added that     MicroPro  (owners        of WordStar) claim everybody using justification for even        margins likely has a printer with microjustificaiton any-        way, so "who cares" what the CRT digram  also NEVER puts ANY additional fill   blanks         if two blanks already exist at that location.       JUSTIFY is         the only program known to have such a feature.              It also  has an  additional unique  feature where a line         that ends a paragraph  (and normally would  thus    not be         justified) will still be justified IF it needs only 3 or         fewer additional  fill  characters.  The author  of this         program  always thought it  looked pretty  silly to likely succeeds   better        than pehaps any other mentioned in this review.                   It might be fair to mention at this time that              NO method of obtaining even margins by merely              adding extra "fill blanks" here and there can              really give comparable results to the type of              results you see  in magazines  or newspapers.                    Review so far:     -------------          Sec. 1 discussed  the results  obtained  from the       ex   a) With this scheme, the extreme ends                     always look  normal, quite differ-                     from WordStar.                 2) Unlike all the others JUSTIFY never puts ad-               ditional fill blanks in a location where two               blanks already  exist.  All  the rest  could               have up to  four  blanks in such  locations,               three being  very common - even though  many               other areas on the same line  only  have one             tion   of the         random fill routine used by ALPHATXT.              With one  fill character, JUSTIFY puts  it in the   middle         of the first  line, to the right side of the second line         (but indented  one word  from  the last two)  and   to the         left side of the third line  (but indented one word from         the first two.)              This keeps the extreme ends looking normal          especially by         using the center for every third line.              This prosplay looks like?             Well they are wrong.  Not everybody  makes a printed copy        of all the files they look at, in addition to which  a lot        of non-professional computer owners  do not have     printers        with microjustification.             Consequently, having a program  that can  justify to even        margins in  the least  obvious manner is of          immediate in-        terest to at least a portion of computer users.             To this end, the  JUSTIFY  program have         nice even  margins, but then see a line that  was   one or         two columns shy of the others.              Thus JUSTIFY  has  several  features  that          minimize the         "empty" areas most  of  the other  programs often   have:                 1) Instead of alternating from extreme left and               right ends of the line JUSTIFY alterates be-               tween middle, right  (indented 1 extra word)               left (indented 1 extra word.)                    amples which are in-     cluded at the end of  this review.  It had additional   comments regarding     handling  areas  where two  blanks already  exist, for  punctuation after     end of sentences.          Sec. 2 (this section) will  discuss some of the         various  advantages and     disadvantages of  the format programs.  These comments  will only involve     the topics the author  has observed - many features  of the programs not     having been  evaluated at  this  time.  (Such as         desired        length.)             Rich Abbot,  the author, assures me this was fixed   in the        commercial version  sold by  Cranberry Software      Tools for        $35.  (That includes a text editor  and a  large     spelling        dictionary.  The package  is available for either    CP/M or        for MS-DOS.)             It also  leaves a trailing blank  at  the end of all text        lines, ala WordStar and RNF13.             There are  two .DOC  files  included in the          ALProl of the program.             Defaults to  column 5 for the  left margin and       column 75.        There is no convenient method of permanently         changing the        default parameters.  In  this day and age, where     you can        easily set  the  margins  on the printer  to         anything you        like, "nobody" wants a permanent default to some     indented        column.             When reformatting, it  leaves  all blanks  as they   origi-        nall appeared, making  the prty.  This  is  a  very interesting     program.         VERY slow.  It took 42 minutes to  process  a  140k file         that took  ROFF4  9-1/2 minutes.  It is written in  Prof.         Falconer's own  special  version  of PASCAL.        (ROFF4 was         written in 'C'.)  "RNF" likely is another  name     for the         UNIX "RUNOFF"  format program from which it was     adapted.              It is easily the most  sophisticated of the various for-         mat programs, offering all sorts of .do makes  the  program         essentially        worthless (to this reviewer) for re-format purposes.             It has a serious, major  flaw in that it cannot      recognize        lines that  are already  the  correct  length.  It   thinks        such lines  are  one column too  long and reformats  them.        Thus every line it processes  winds up with  at      least one        fill character.  (ROFF4 has  a comparable  problem,  also,        when using  the justify mode on lines already the   underlining, footnotes,     subscripts, etc.)          Sec. 3 has  examples  of the way  various word          processors  justify ASCII     text.  Each program was run for 1, 2 and then 3 fill    characters.              ALPHATXT - by  Rich Abbott.  Sometimes called ALPHAT20.  Easy        program to  use, but needs a lot  of "hand-holding". Re-        ires a  new dot command  at the completion of  each  para-        graph, even for a blank  line.  This does give the   author        complete contHAT20.LBR.        One is the "before", showing all the ".dot"          commands and        the other  shows  the "after" and is ready  for      printing.        This tutorial and  the .DOC  file are  excellent     and are        perhaps the  best features  of  the program.  Other  word        processor programs  should include similar "how to   do it"        files of the "before and after" variety.              RNF13 - by Charles  Falconer, professor of  computer     science,         Yale Universiogram totally           worthless for        reformatting a  WordStar file to a different line    length,        for example.             It never heard of two  blanks  after punctuation to  end a        sentence.  As previously mentioned, when             reformatting it        does not  change any  existing text, so if  there    was one        blank after  a period, it  retains that one blank.   If it        had four blanks from  a previous  format, it  would  keep        the four  blanks.  This t  commands, many         of which the typical user may never attempt to      incorpor-         ate.  It has  an  excellent  "progress" reporting   system         showing the current page  and  line number it is    working         on.  It has perhaps the finest error-reporting      system of         any program I have ever used.              Most such programs only look  in  the first column  for a         ".dot" command.  RNF13  seems  to  look  ANYWHERE,  which         seems quite unfortunate.  Onizes lines already the proper  length,  so    results         are what  you expect - other than a line justified  to 72         columns is really 73 columns  long, as each line    has the         unwanted trailing space that is not observed,  but  pres-         ent.  Thus asking  for  justified  text  79 columns long         could give double line  feeds  on  normal 80 column dis-         plays with auto line-wrap.              The program is by far the  most awkward to use,     since it         rnuisance not to be able to use "(space).COM", etc.              This program even barfed with things like:                          INDEX ................ pg 22              as it thought the  (space)....  was  some sort of   ".dot"         command. One does not expect to see errors for this sort         of text.              RNF13 does an outstanding job of re-formatting      programs.         It puts two spaces after  punctuation to end a      sentence.         something ALPHATXT and WordStar other than RNF13 can recognize a      line al-         ready the correct length while ROFF4 (and ALPHATXT) can-         not.              Once underway, there is no method (known to thie    review-         er) to halt the  program  other  than to cold       reboot the          computer.  (Then manually erase the  partially      completed         output file.)  This is considered a most important  over-         sight.         ROFF4 - by Ernest  Bergmann  in 1983.  Written in  'C',  it is         mprogram does an  excellent job of reformatting text         that is indented.  Some people  indent  paragraphs  - it         will reformat those to non-indented.  Some text has sec-         tions that are indentend.  It will reformat those   to the         left margin unless you include a ".dot" command to  leave         the indent area intact.              The program  does  leave  a trailing  space  on all text         lines, a minor nuisance.  Unlike  ROFF4 and         ALPHATXT, it         recogn  the  lengthy  program that         took 42 minutes, some 250 errors were posted, a     vast ma-         jority because things like " .COM file" or " .LBR   file",         etc. appeared  quite often in the body of the text. The         errors are printed in  a most impressive manner,    showing         the page, line number, actual  line  of  text,  an  arrow         pointing to  the  exact character that caused the   error,         and then a description  of  the error.  However, it is a         equires a special runtime program in addition.  It is a         nuisance insuring both programs are present and     makes it         difficult to use "flow  control"  while  on  a      different         d/u.  The following  method has to be used, intact, else         the system might lock up,  requiring  a cold boot   to re-         gain control:                    B>RUNPCD RNF (HELLO.TXT, HELLO.DOC) <ret>              The actual  justification  scheme  seems  identical with         that of ROFF4 never heard  of.    If for         some reason you don't WANT to do this, there is a   ".dot"         command you  can  use wherever you like, in the     text, to         preserve a location where just  one blank after a   period         might be preferred, such as: Mr. Alfred Jones, etc. Of-         fering this dot command does present a tremendous   amount         of versatility  in an area neither ALPHATXT nor     WordStar         would even know what you were talking about...              This uch faster than either RNF13 or ALPHATXT.              The program has some very convenient features as    well as         some annoying things.  The 'C'  source code is      included,         although it is difficult even for a good  'C'       programmer         to follow the progression of the program.  For      instance,         it puts  out  CR,CR,CR,LF  at the end of nearly all text         lines.  So far, none of the  the people I have      talked to         have any idea how  to  eliminate  tnormally be aborted with a CTL-C.              It is easy to use.  If  paragraphs are indented,    the re-         format will retain the original indentation         without any         special paragraph commands such as the ".pp"        required by         all the  other  programs.  You  can intentionally   indent         paragraphs that were  not  originally  indented,    with an         ".in" command.              Centering a group  of  lines is ridiculously        simple.  If         you haveen four         blanks after an occasional period, it will use a    maximum         of two.)               NOTE: We have a special version of ROFF4 now which                puts only  one blank  after a  semicolon and                which  puts two blanks after any period that                ends a sentence.  It also defaults to format                72 actual columns, matching JUSTIFY.COM.              ROFF4 is the easiest format program to use, by some wide         margin.  If the line is indenly otherwise   might.         (ALPHATXT requires a  separeate  ".ce  ;(text)" for each         line that is to centered.)              It is very easy to run.  Say you have a program     which is         named HELLO.TXT and you want to format to           HELLO.DOC:                      B>ROFF4 HELLO.TXT >HELLO.DOC              The '>' tells the program to generate a new disk    file of         that name.  If you merely want to look at the       results on         the CRT, just use:            cters,  but  no more. You         must set the right  margin  command  to 73 in this  case.         However, if you want to reformat and justify  both, then         you would  set it to 72, but now each line will be  basi-         cally 72 with one fill  blank added somewhere to    make it         72.  Nuisance.  This is similar to ALPHATXT.              ROFF4 does not leave trailing  spaces at the end of text         lines, like RNF13 and ALPHATXT  (and  WordStar),    though.              It can his  unusual     feature.         When reformatting,  it puts two spaces after        exclamation         marks, question marks,  colons  and even            semicolons.  It         handles periods at the end of a sentence in  a most per-         plexing manner  -  if you used one blank after a    period,         it retains just that one blank.  If you used two    blanks,         it will keep a  maximum of two blanks.  (If         reformatting         WordStar  files which  might have  three  and  ev 8-10-15 lines to center you needn't bother with         counting them or using a separate centering         command for         each line.  Just use: ".ce 100" on the line ahead   of the         first line to be centered, then move  all  the      lines to         start in  the  first  column.  After the last one,  type:         ".ce 0" and it will stop centering. This makes      centering         a group of lines so simple to accomplish, you may   indeed         use this feature more than you normalted, it leaves the     line in-         dented with  no special ".dot" command.  (On  the   other         hand it cannot reformat text all of which may be    indent-         ed in a given area, RNF13, etc. would be needed for this         purpose.)              It cannot recognize a line already the correct      width. If         used to reformat  without  justification,  it is    off one         column on the right  margin  counter.  For          instance you         want lines  of  up to 72 chara          B>ROFF4 HELLO.TXT              or if you wish to see the results on the CRT while  it is         making a disk file:                      B>ROFF4 HELLO.TXT +>HELLO.DOC              You can also recieve the output on the printer, in  addi-         tion to either of the other possibilities.                   SUMMARY - ROFF4, with  the  special  version, is by some         margin the easiest of the format programs  to use.  That         is, it  requires far less ".dot" commands than any ar     which they have been using since getting on CP/M.          Thus JUSTIFY and perhaps  even ROFF4, etc. are such     speciality pro-     grams only a nominal few readers will be interested     enough in this topic     to even read these notes. This is perhaps proven by the difficulty I had     in even obtaining a copy of the RNF13 program.  Even    after I found such     a program existed, it  was some  time  before I found   somebody near Yale     University that was able to find a copy of  thfaults to:                    .nf    -  does not justify               .fi    -  does fill lines to maximum lenth               .rm 73 -  right magin to 72 columns  (counter                            is off one column when filling)               .ow 73 -  fills headers, etc., to same length          CONCLUSION:     ----------     These comments  do not represent  any sort of           exhaustive comparison     or analysis  of the programs.  They only  represent     intial impressions     this r                                  (415)  948-2166   voice                                           (415) 948-2512    PRACSA RCPM                                                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------                                                               ------------------------------------------------------------------------       Samples of various  format programs, showing the method they     use to justify  consecutive, ide13 42 minutes to reformat.          The next step might be to write ".dot" command into     JUSTIFY  so it     could become a self-standing format program.  This is   quite unlikely to     ever happen, since nearly all printers  (regardless of  cost)  will soon     have microjustification and since we have only          discussed CP/M programs.     Fewer people each year are even using CP/M.  Most of    those who do, have     expressed minimal  interest in a  separate format       program from WordSt other         comparable program.  It still has the problem of    not re-         cognizing lines already of the proper length, but   if you         are planning to  only  use  it for reformatting     existing         text files (without justification), it's likely the most         convenient of all the programs to use,  by  some    margin.              The special version (developed  by Norman Beeler at this         reviewer's request)  makes  this  program very      simple to         use.  It dee free    program.  Obviously     only a few RCPM systems in the country even carry       ROFF4, ALPHAT20 and/or     RNF13.  I do not anticipate JUSTIFY will receive        widespread distribution     or interest, when  released.  However as an available   utility program it     does serve a worthwhile purpose for those who do not    care for the method     WordStar uses for justification of ASCII text files.     to anyone interested.                                              - Irv Hoff         eviewer wanted to jot down while fresh  in mind.  As soon  as the     programs were used  the first time, they all seemed to  have glaring de-     ficiencies  in the methods used to add  fill blanks to  justify for even     margins.  Therefore  the reviewer  plans  to use  them  just to reformat     existing ASCII text files and will use the  JUSTIFY     program  to obtain     even margins.          It took  JUSTIFY  46 seconds  to add fill characters to justify the     144k program that it took RNFntical  lines, when     pulling     such lines to 1, 2 or 3 extra columns.  Note only Irv's pro-     gram fills the last line  out to the  requested         length, the     others assume  the last line  is the end of a paragraph and     leave it whatever  it  was, originally.  Irv's  program does     that also, if the line is not  within  3-4 columns of   normal     length, otherwise it is also left alone.          Irv's program is the only one that uses the center area on a     normal rotation bas  hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          ALPHATXT +2          hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello  hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello lo hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello     hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello     hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello          Irv's program, +2          hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello  hello hello  hello hello hello hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          -------------          RNF13 +1          hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hllo hello  hello  hello  hello hello hello hello      hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello  hello  hello  hello hello      hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello hello hello     hello hello  hello  hello  hello hello hello hello      hello hello hello          -------------               ALPHATXT +1          hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello   is.          You can readily  see that WordStar 3.3 does a  poor     job, but     WordStar 4.0 does a just  plain  lousy job of           justification.     On even number of fills needed, both are identical.          Note:  All these programs are free, except for          WordStar. All            can be found on the PRACSA RCPM.  (415)          948-2513.          -------------               Irv's program, +1          hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello  hello hello     helhello  hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          ALPHATXT +3          hello hello hello  hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello  hello hello hello hello  hello hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello  hello hello  hello      hello hello hello     hello hello  hello  hello hello     hello hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello hello     hello hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello          Irv's program, +3          hello hello hello hello  hello  hello  hello hello      hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello hello hello     heello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          RNF13 +2          hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   o hello hello   hello hello               WordStar 3.3 +1          hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello    ello hello hello  hello  hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          ---------------          ROFF4 +1          hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello heStar 3.3 +3          hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello  hello hello hellk hello hello hello hello hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          ---------------               WordStahello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          ROFF4 +3          hello  hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello      hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello  hello     hello  hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello      hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello  hello     hello  hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello      hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hell  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          RNF13 +3          hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello  hello     hello  hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello      hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello  hello     hello  hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello      hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello h      -------------          WordStar 3.3 +2          hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          Wordllo hello hello  hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          ROFF4 +2          hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello  hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello     hello hello r 4.0 +1          hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          WordStar 4.0 +2          hello  hello helk it       will work? Just     checking  to see how   it may handle punctuation! Some  of these have     one space;  some have two. A good     format program    should   put     two  spaces  after a period to   end  a sentence.       We'll put the     other programs to work shortly, ok?     Should tell us  what; we want to     know.          Bye for now. Roger and out.               ---------------               RNF13          This is a small format test.  Do you think it will      work?  Just lo  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          ---------------          This example  was used for each of the four format      programs.  It clearly     shows    have one space;     some have two.  A good format program should put two    spaces after a     period to end a sentence.  We'll put the other programs to work shortly,     ok?  Should tell us what; we want to know.  Bye for     now.  Roger and     out.          ---------------               WORDSTAR 4.0          This    is a   small format  test. Do you think it      will work? Just     checking  to see how   it may handle punctuation! Some  of these have     one space;  some have two. A go think it   will work? Just checking  to     see     how   it may handle punctuation! Some  of     these have     one space;  some have two. A good     format     program   should   put   two  spaces  after     a period     to   end  a sentence.     We'll put the   other     programs to work shortly, ok?     Should tell     us what; we want to know.          Bye for     now. Roger and out.          ---------------               ALPHATXT          This    is a   small format  test Do you thinlo hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello  hello  hello     hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello hello   hello hello          WordStar 4.0 +3          hello  hello hello hello hello hello hello hello helchecking      to see how it may handle punctuation!  Some of these    have one space;     some have two.  A good format program should put two    spaces after a     period to end a sentence.  We'll put the other programs to work shortly,     ok?  Should tell us what; we want to know.  Bye for     now.  Roger and out.          ---------------          ROFF4          This is a small format test.  Do you think it will      work?  Just checking     to see how it may handle punctuation!  Some of these how the various programs handle text with 1 space after the end of     a sentence and how they handle 2 or more.  RNF13 and    the special version     of ROFF4 do an ideal job in this regard.  Both ALPHATXT and WordStar use     whatever the text already had.  They are basically      worthless with regard     to reformatting  existing text that may already be      justified i.e., which     has fill characters that would need to be removed.               This    is a   small format  test. Do you    od     format program    should   put     two  spaces  after a period to   end  a sentence.       We'll put the     other programs to work shortly, ok?     Should tell us  what; we want to     know.          Bye for now. Roger and out.              Note:  Before WordStar could be used on the sample                text, we had to convert the "hard CR" char-                acters to "soft CR" by changing them to 8D.                When the program was then run through Word-                Star it hadard drives, and much more. It  comes  with  many built-in features which  reduce  the  number  of         utilities   required to run the system as compared with  the  standard  CP/M   provided by Coleco.  It also comes with its own set of  specific  utilities to help manage the  system and files. T-DOS is made up of three components, the  CCP, BDOS, and BIOS. 1.  CCP  (CONSOLE  COMMAND  PROCESSOR):  The  CCP  is  the  low  level         interface  between  the  operating  system  and  the   user. ‚OےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےThis   article  originally  appeared  in  the  November  1990   MOAUG          newsletter.  This header may be deleted.                          TINKERING WITH TDOS                           by James Poulin                        An Introduction and BDOS) and  the  physical  devices         composing  your system.  It has the necessary drivers  to access  your  TV,    monitor or dumb terminal, the tape and disk drives, the  expansion   memory,   hard drive, etc.  The T-DOS BIOS supports up to 4 disk  drives  of  different  sizes,  and one hard disk partitioned  into  4  logical  drives. The  operating system is smart enough (via the user  installation)  to  access   only the devices that you have at the time  of  installation.   You  may     chaMorehen.   T- DOS  stands    for Tony's Disk Operating System (or so I've  been  told).  This system has    gone thru many modifications and improvements with the  current  version       being 4.58.  I must caution you to  use  only  those  files that come with     T-DOS 4.58, files from previous versions may  not  be compatible. T-DOS  is  a flexible system that can handle disk  drives  of  various         sizes,  ram  disks up to 1 megabyte, parallel printers,  internal  and         external  modems, h:                       72 high bits set                   9 trailing spaces                   5 soft CR's                                 - end -s to work shortly,     ok?  Should tell us what; we want to know.  Bye for     now.  Roger and     out.          ---------------               WORDSTAR 4.0          This    is a   small format  test. Do you think it      will work? Just     checking  to see how   it may handle punctuation! Some  of these have     one space;  some have two. A go  It  has         rudimentary  features  which  help  you  manage  your  files  and   is         responsible for processing batch files. 2.  BDOS (BASIC DISK OPERATING SYSTEM):  The BDOS is  responsible  for         character input/output functions, and is a  major player in file input  and    output.   Most programs use BDOS functions to   accomplish  their  major       input/output tasks. 3.  BIOS  (BASIC  INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM):  The BIOS is  the  high  level         interface  between the programs (to T-DOS I  have  been asked to write a series of articles to  familiarize  our         readers  with the T-DOS operating system.  During the course of  these         articles,  I will use passages directly from the  T-DOS  documentation  files.   This is done because I feel that the  existing  documentation  explains      technical matters better than I might be able to.   A  brief explanation of what T-DOS is is in order.  T-DOS is a  public  domain CP/M replacement operating system written by Tony nge  your system configuration by adding a disk  drive  or  other           peripheral and re-install T-DOS to match. The  operating  system  resides on disk, tape (or  cartridge)  and  is  loaded  into memory when you  boot your system.  The CCP and BDOS  are  also  copied  to an unused area in  the Video Ram.  When programs  exit  with  a warm boot,  the system is  instantly re-copied to memory.   You  will no longer have to    leave the system disk in the boot drive or wait  for time consuming rebootstalled T-DOS operating system,  pull  the  reset  switch  and the system automatically loads.  You can then  remove  the  boot disk and run programs from any of the installed drives. Next  month  we'll  get  into some  of  the  ramifications  of  making         alternate choices during installation.  We'll also discuss the  built- in      commands.  I think you will find    T-DOS to be very user  friendly  and       customizable. If you have any questions or need help with T-DOS, you can contact  me           Type "40TDOS45<ENTER>"  ( The program will load and run)     3.  Insert the blank formatted disk into the default drive     4.  Answer the following questions as indicated:         a) Which drive to install TDOS on?  Type  "A" (Default Drive)         b) Place  Ram Disk Before or After Disk & Tape Drives  (B             or A)?  Select "A"  The  program  displays  the system             configuration  as  it  will  be  installed:          DISK DRIVE 1 = A          DISK DRIVE 2 = B          RA                     Operating   frequency of your microprocessor in MHz (for delays): 4  Change to:     From  here,  you could either type in the actual 2-Mhz ADAM  speed  by   just  typing  "2"  or you can "fudge" a little and type "4" which  will   work  just fine. *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   * We   will continue with Ron's informative article next  month.   Seems  like  we  just don't have enough space to get into a deep topic. ite        Foreground Color: Blue        Change (Y/N)?  Your choice      j. Do you have EVE VD-MB 80 column display (Y/N)) Type N     k. Change Key Translations  (Y/N)?  Type N     l. Display SMART Keys on line 25 (Y/N)? Type Y (your choicee)     l. Edit Smart Key Strings (Y/N)? Type N     m. Hit ENTER to install TDOS At this point, the TDOS operating system     will be written to the floppy  disk in the default drive.       n. Do you want to install another?  Y/N   Type  N To  run  the newly ins    when exiting from your favorite utilities.   Lets  run thru an installation    for a system configured as  follows:  a  TV, 2 SSDD disk drives, 2 tape        drives, a ram card and an ADAM printer. You must have a bootable version of CP/M or T-DOS to install     T-DOS  4.58.  Have ready a blank CP/M formatted disk or DDP.  Installation is  as follows:     1.  Boot  CP/M  or  T-DOS (Remember, the boot  drive  is  the          default  "A" drive.     2.  Insert the T-DOS Program disk into drive "A"(James Poulin) at the following phone numbers: Work: (407) 853-4775    Home: (407)    631-0958    Fax:(407) 730-3025 , he can be  contacted on compuserve, User ID # 73717,434. He will be responsive and        helpful.       answer  of  "N"  will take you to the next phase of the installation:                                                                                           Hardware dependent information                                                              M DRIVE    = C          TAPE DRIVE 1 = D          TAPE DRIVE 2 = E          Press <Return> to Continue     c. Maximum size of Disk Drive "1"?  Type 1 (145K)     d. Maximum size of Disk Drive "2"?  Type 1 (145K)     e. Serial Port 1 Parameters? Type 0 (No Change)     f. Serial Port 2 Parameters? Type 0 (No Change)     g. I/OBYTE Settings:        1. Select CON=CRT for television         2. Select LST=LPT for the Adam Printer     h. Current Path=A0: Change (Y/N)?  Type N     i. Background Color: Wh‚OےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےThis   article  originally  appeared  in  the  December   1990   MOAUG         newsletter.  This header may be deleted.                          TINKERING WITH TDOS                           by James Poulin                      An Introduction tol automatically sense the hard drive  system     and install the drivers for you.  You will still have to  boot  your system    from disk, tape or cartridge. I mentioned in the first article that the operating system resides  on  disk,  tape or cartridge.  To clarify the cartridge; after you get  T- DOS set up the way you like it, make a second installed disk or DDP by  answering  YES to the Do you want to install another? question.   Send  the  second  installed T-DOS media to Walters Software and  theyogram.   When you get to the I/OBYTE  setting,  you  select CON=UC1.  If you are using  an EVE VD-MB, you answer YES to that  question.   This will set the correct    comm port for the video  output.   There are no color selections for the 80    column display.   If  you are using parallel printer, select LST=PAR.  When you  get  to  EDIT   SMART  KEY  STRINGS, you may set up the  SMART  Keys  with  your  favorite     commands.  This is similar to defining   keyboard macros.   I  have            customizs)  5. DELETE (erases files)  6. RENAME (renames files)  7. CLEAR SCREEN (clears the screen, like ^L in the EOS system)  8. SAVE (saves the contents of memory to disk or tape)   9. GO (restarts the program in memory) .pa 1. The DIRECTORY command:  The    directory command returns a  sorted    directory listing of the contents of any specified drive and/or    user  area.  A sorted directory listing is one that  is  sorted    alphabetically by the program name.  The general syntax is:   DIR   [du:][a  reinstall  the  system at a    later date  to  change  these  key  definitions.   This  brings to mind an     important point,  always  write  down  a  record  of how you installed T-DOS.  It  can  be  a  valuable  reference in the future. T-DOS  also works with either of the Orphanware (minni-winnie) or  the         Micro-Innovations  Hard Disk drive systems. You must however, use  the         correct install program (Micro-Innovations version will not work  with  the    Orphanware system).  T-DOS wil T-DOS                              part 2 Last  month  we  learned what T-DOS is and worked  through  an  sample         installation.  T-DOS can be installed for many hardware configurations  and    has many options for you to choose from.  The installation example  was set up for a TV type monitor but T-DOS is capable of driving an 80  column  display   as well.  There are a few differences when  installing  80  column T-DOS, one  of the most notable differences is that you  run  the  80TDOS45.COM pr  will  make up a boot cartridge for you    from your media.  Now you can boot T- DOS from the cartridge and save wear and tear on your drives. Built-In (Resident) Commands: The  following commands are built into the T-DOS CCP and represent  an  improvement over the original CP/M commands.   1. DIRECTORY (prints a sorted directory to the screen)  2. TYPE (prints an ASCII file to the screen)  3. LIST (prints an ASCII file to the screen and printer)  4. COPY (copies files between drives and user areaed  my  SMART  Keys  so that  I  can  display  the  TDIR  (directory   with date stamps shown), the resident DIR command,  return  to the EOS         operating system, and others with just one key stroke.  Any  command  is       acceptable  except ^X and ^Z,  string  of  commands,  and  executable  program names (files with .COM and .SUB extension) can  be  input  here.   This means  that one key stroke can run a program  or  a  group  of  T-DOS  commands.  It  is a convenience for  sure.   You  can  alwaysfn]   where  [du]  is  the   optional   drive/user    designation and the [afn] is Ambiguous File Name.  I'll discuss    file names later.   Acceptable command forms are as follows:             DIR  - Returns  a sorted directory for all  files  on                     the default drive, same as DIR *.*        DIR *.COM - Returns  directory  information for  all  .COM                     files on the default drive      DIR READ.ME - Returns  directory  information for  the  file                     R                     Operating   frequency of your microprocessor in MHz (for delays): 4  Change to:     From  here,  you could either type in the actual 2-Mhz ADAM  speed  by   just  typing  "2"  or you can "fudge" a little and type "4" which  will   work  just fine. *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   * We   will continue with Ron's informative article next  month.   Seems  like  we  just don't have enough space to get into a deep topic. r area "3" of  the                     default drive. 2. The  TYPE Command:  The type command will print a file  to  the    screen  24  lines at a time, pausing at  each  screen.   Simply    press  RETURN to carry on.  If you want to abort the   display,    press RETURN twice in a succession.    Similar  to  the DIR command, TYPE can print a  file  from  any    drive/user area.   It has the following syntax:          TYPE [du:]UFN [/n]    Note that no wild cards are allowed in the file name                   part 3 This  month we'll continue with the discussion of the  T-DOS  Resident         Commands.   As  you  can  see from  the  examples,  the  commands  are         versatile and powerful.  The command structure is nearly identical  to  those  in DOS (IBM and compatibles).  This makes it easy to work  back  and forth     between my machine at work and ADAM at home. 4. The COPY command:  You no longer need to have the COPY.COM file    on  the media in the default drive.  This commant. Next  month  I  will continue discussing  the  resident  Commands  and         perhaps we'll get into the utility files that come with T-DOS. If you have any questions or need help with T-DOS, you can contact  me  (James Poulin) at the following phone numbers: Work: (407) 853-4775    Home: (407)    631-0958    Fax:(407) 730-3025                                   Hardware dependent information                                                              EAD.ME on the default drive           DIR A: - Returns a directory of all files on the "A" drive      DIR A:*.?O? - Returns a directory of all files on drive  "A"                     that have an "O" in the center position of the                     extension          DIR B5: - Returns  a directory listing of all  files  on                     drive "B" that are located in user area "5"   DIR 3:TDOS.COM - Returns  a directory listing of the  specified                     file TDOS.COM located in use‚OےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےThis article originally appeared in the January 1991 MOAUG newsletter.   This  header may be deleted.                          TINKERING WITH TDOS                           by James Poulin                      An Introduction to T-DOS            as denoted    by the  UNAMBIGUOUS file name (UFN).    The [/n] option lets you disable the paging. 3. The  LIST  Command:  List is similar to TYPE but it  sends  the    selected  file  to the screen and  printer.   It  adjusts  it's    default  page length to 58 lines and sends a FORM  FEED to  the    printer at every page.  It has the following syntax:          TYPE [du:]UFN [/n] If you want to LIST a file that already has form feeds in it, use  the  '/n'   option to suppress the line cound  is  built-in    and ready for immediate use and has been improved.  The general    syntax for this command is:     COPY [du:]afn [du:]       or        COPY [du:]ufn [du:]ufn    At least one [du:] must be given, the first [du:] is the source    drive/user  and  may  be omitted if you  are  logged  onto  the    drive/user area  that contains the file you are going to  copy.     The  second  [du:]  is the destination drive/user  and  may  be    omitted if you are logged onto the drive/user area ry entry.                          REN [du:]ufn1 ufn2   where  ufn1 is the original name and ufn2 is the new name.   It    is not  necessary to specify a 'du' for the new name; TDOS will    ignore it since REN  does not copy. 7. The  CLEAR SCREEN Command:  To clear the screen, type  CLS  and    the screen is instantly wiped clean.  I use this with the SMART    Key  set-up in conjunction with the TDIR.COM program.  One  key    stroke  clears  the screen and prints a  two  column  directory    compr 5                       is assumed) to drive C5 (the logged drive).   C5> COPY *.COM 6: - Copy all .COM files from C5 to C6   C5> COPY A0:B*.COM B2: - Copy all .COM files starting with  'B'                             from A0 to B2   C5> COPY HELP.COM B: - Copy a single file from C5 to B5   C5> COPY 6:HELP.COM - Copy single file from C6 to C5   C5> COPY 6:HELP.COM 5:NEWHELP.COM - Copy  HELP.COM from C6  and                                        give   it  the   new   name                         program  only to find that you  want to execute it  again.   It    may take several seconds to reload the  program from disk.  The    GO  command  allows  you to immediately  re-enter  the  program    currently in  memory.    When  using the GO command, you can optionally pass  parameters    to  the  program in memory just as if it had been  loaded  from    disk.   For example, I  have forgotten the syntax for the  PATH    command and ask for help with:                         A0>PATH ?   After user area.     Its syntax is:                      DEL [du:]afn    Since  delete removes a file from the directory, it  should  be    used with  care.  Valuable programs can be lost by reckless use    of  the  DEL command.  As a safety feature, DEL  will  ask  for    confirmation if you ask to delete all  files with a:                       DEL *.* 6. The RENAME Command:  The REN command will     change the name of  a    file.   The  file itself is not  copied or modified,  just  the    directoyou plan  to    copy  the  file  to.  Both of the  [du:]  designators  must  be    included  if you are logged onto a third drive that is  neither    the source nor the destination drive.  You only need to use the    drive letter and user area number as required as is illustrated    in the following examples.      C0> COPY *.COM B: - Copy all the .COM files from drive C0  (the                        logged drive, user area 0) to drive B   C5> COPY A:*.COM - Copy all the .COM files from drive A (uselete with the date stamps.  8. The SAVE Command:  SAVE is an advanced command which allows you    to capture what currently  resides in memory starting at  100H.     The Syntax is:                       SAVE nn [du:]ufn   where  nn is a decimal number representing the number  of  256-   byte pages to  be saved to the designated file name.  All  SAVE    commands start to capture memory at 100H, the transient program     area. 9. The GO Command:  On occasion, you may accidentally exit from  a                   NEWHELP.COM in C5   C5> COPY HELP.COM OLDHELP.COM - Make a copy of HELP.COM in this                                    drive/user and give it the  new                                    name of  OLDHELP.COM    Note  in all cases that the original file is unaffected by  the    copy operations. 5. The  DELETE  Command:   CP/M used the  ERA  command  to  delete    (erase) files;  TDOS prefers DEL.  The  DEL command allows  you    to delete any file or group of files from any  drive/consulting the help message, I can now change the path by    typing:                    GO A0<ret> To  instantly change the path without waiting   for the program to  load  again from disk. I  have  spent  a lot of time and taken up a lot  of  space  with  the         Resident Commands.  I did this because the commands are your window to  T-DOS.   Everything  you want to do starts with these commands  and  a  thorough      understanding of the command structure is essential.   There  are  many        v T-DOS                              part 4 Last month I finished up with the Resident Commands but before I go on  there  is one addition I would like to make.  Commands can be  chained  or  linked    together in such a way as to execute multiple  commands  on  one command line.  The following is  an example:                   SORTDR10 A:;GO B:;GO C:;GO D:<CR> In  this example we are running the SORTDIR10.COM program four  times,  the    2nd, 3rd and 4th times are run by using the resident "GO"  cs: Work: (407) 853-4775    Home: (407)    631-0958    Fax:(407) 730-3025 implies... it will type a text file to  your       screen.  Remember that file called HELP?  If you are  interested  in what it   is, just press the sixth SmartKey, type HELP and then press  the return.  The  command line will look like this: A>TYPE help What you will see on your tv screen or monitor is this:   CP/M 2.2 COMMAND SYNTAX    DIR [dr:] [file]   TYPE [dr:] <L switch we get the following member files listing: **Library Directory for TDOS458 .LBR  40K ** *40TDOS45.CZM  19K : 80TDOS45.CZM  17K : ANSI    .HEX  1K : EOS     .CZM  1K   *EOS     .DOC   1K : EVE     .HEX   1K : HEATH19 .HEX  1K : TERMINAL.ZZ0  2K  **Library Directory for TDOSDOC .LBR  48K ** *BIOSCALL.LZB   1K : DOSCALLS.LZB   2K : TDOS    .DZC 34K : TDOSINST.DZC  9K **Library Directory for TDSUTL  .LBR  56K ** *BD      .DZC   3K : BD-FIX  .HEX   1K : BD-FIX  .Z80  1K : BD04    .CZM  4K *CD  ‚OےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےThis   article  originally  appeared  in  the  February   1991   MOAUG         newsletter.  This header may be deleted.                          TINKERING WITH TDOS                           by James Poulin                      An Introduction toariations of the commands as is evident from the  examples.   You  will  find that you use certain variations of these  commands  in  everyday  operations   and  that it isn't important  to  remember  each  version.  You begin to think as you go as to what you are trying to do  and  instinctively  input the       necessary parameters,  of  course,  this  comes with experience and practice. If you have any questions or need help with T-DOS, you can contact  me  (James Poulin) at the following phone numberommand  to         execute the last program loaded in memory (in this case it is  the             SORTDR10.COM), all are linked together with a semicolon (;).  This can  be     useful  and  a  time  saver  and  is  undocumented  in  the  T-DOS             documentation  file.  I thank Ron Collins for bringing this one to  my         attention. There are three main Library files that contain T-DOS 4.58.  They  are         TDOS458.LBR,  TDSUTL.LBR and TDSDOC.LBR. When listed  using  SD138.COM  with   the /file to type>   REN <new> = <old>               ERA [dr:] <file to erase>   USER <new user 0 to 15>   STAT [command line]   PIP [command line]   DDT [command line]   SAVE <pages> [dr:] <file>   DUMP [dr:] <file to dump>   ED [dr:] [file to edit]   LOAD [dr:] <hex file>   ASM <assembler file> [.param]   COPY [dr:] <existing file> [dr:] <new file>   A:[file]   b:[file]   FORMAT <CR>   BACKUP <CR>   CONFIG <CR>   SYSGEN <CR>   ADAM   <CR>   CPMADAM <CR> As you can see, Digital Research a    .DZC   1K : CD74    .CZM   2K : CU      .DZC  2K : CU15    .CZM  2K *DATE12  .CZM   1K : DRIVES12.CZM     1K : DSKSZ   .DZC  2K : DSKSZ24 .CZM  2K *FF      .DZC   2K : FF27    .CZM     2K : FORMAT  .DZC  3K : FORMAT34.CZM  3K *INITDR12.CZM   2K : IOBYT12 .CZM     2K : IOBYTE  .DZC  2K : MLOAD25 .CZM  3K *MLOAD25 .DZC   4K : MOUNT11 .CZM     2K : PATH    .DZC  1k : PATH13  .CZM  1K *SORTDIR .DOC   1K : SORTDR10.CZM     2K : TDIR    .DZC  2K : TDIR1-14.CZM  3K *TDIR2-14.CZM   3K : UNDEL12 .CZM     2K : UN is desirable for maximum convenience but it is  not  a  requirement.   I would say however, that at least one disk  drive  and  preferably  two are mandatory.  BIOSCALL.LIB and DOSCALLS.LIB  contain  technical  information on  the system, if you are  technically  minded,  you can modify T-DOS to your     hearts delight.   The third library file contains all of the utility files that are used  with   T-DOS  and their documentation.  All of the .COM files  in  this  library are  synonymous with CP/M's Traypes,  the  40TDOS45.COM  and         80TDOS45.COM files are the installation files you use to set-up  T-DOS  for    your individual system.  EOS.COM is an executable file that  takes  you to the EOS operating system (if you are using a hard disk  drive),  EOS.DOC  is the   document file explaining the use of the EOS.COM  file.   The  other  files     (ANSI.HEX, EVE.HEX, HEATH19.HEX,  TERMINAL.Z80)  are  overlay  files  that are used for terminal emulations other  than  the  standard set-up. 40TDOS45.COMives. CU15.COM              Change  User,  works like a MOVE command  to  relocate                 files to a different directory (user area) on the same                 drive. DSKSZ24         This file lets you redefine the size of a disk,  handy                 if  you want to read a single-sided disk on  a  double                 sided drive. FF27.COM        Find  File is used to locate a    file on a drive.   Very                 useful if you use multiple user areas. T-DOS allows 32              C is the  file  to  read     before  running one of the installation programs. This explains every step  so  a   novice   can  understand  the  system.   TDOS.DOC  is   the   main        documentation file that you should become familiar with.  It  explains         everything in detail so that the user can learn to utilize the  system  to     its  maximum  capability.   A  lot  of  space  is  taken  up  with             explanation of hard disk usage, and let me interject here that the use  of  a  hard diskDELETE.DZC  5K : XSUB    .CZM  2K A quick note to clarify the "Z" in the center of the file  extensions.   This  denotes  that  a file has been ZIPPED, a high  density  form  of  compaction.  This makes it quicker to transfer files over a modem  and  lets  us  get more  files on a disk.  These files can be  Un-Zipped  by  running UNZIP.COM.  But   first we must run DELIB.COM to extract all  of  the files from each library.   Example, EOS.CZM UNZIPS to EOS.COM. The  files  in 40TDOS45.LBR are of four tnsient Commands.  That is,  they  are  command       files provided with the system and intended for  use  in  maintaining and      operating the system. The files in this library are as follows: BD04.COM        Bad Disk version 4,  Analyzes a disk and locks out  any                 bad blocks that it finds. CD74            Change Directory,    allows you to name user areas with a                 directory   name  and  then  move  directly  to   that                 directory.  Very handy for large dr is used if you have a TV set for a monitor,  80TDOS45.COM  is     used  if you have an 80CVU (80 column display) or are  using  some  other 80   column terminal thru a serial card. The  files  contained  in TDOSDOC.LBR are  all  document  files.   This  release is well documented by Tony Morehen and   is a tremendous  effort  on  Tony's  part to improve the documentation so that  all  users  can  better understand and use the system.  You don't have to be  an  expert  to  install  and  use it.  TDOSINST.DO   user areas. FORMAT34.COM    This format program installs       itself the first time you                 run  it.  It'll ask you what size drives you have  and                 save  a  working  file called  FORMAT.COM  with  those                 parameters. When you format a disk, the system (T-DOS)                 is  automatically  written  to  the  disk  making   it                 bootable. IOBYTE          This file allows you to change some  of the  parameters                 in your system sIf you do not accomplish what I did you get a score of 0.If you do not try this, you get a score of <0 (Less than zero).If you accomplish this and get another Adamite to accomplish it also you get a score of  >B or Greater than Barry.  Theoritically possible but not        likely.  :)    :)      There is something called FIDONET, which is a  sophisticated BBS program  which large BBS systems utilitze to transfer messages from one local BBS to  another across the country.  THE MAGIC WORDS:NATIONAL AD(407) 853-4775    Home: (407)    631-0958    Fax:(407) 730-3025 rams they have supplied.  It is always a good idea  to print  this  list   onto your SmartWriter printer.  Keep  it in a good location where  you can     refer to it when needed. To facilitate easy hard copy of what you are seeing on your TV screen,  CP/M   has a useful capability built into it.  Just  as in  SmartBASIC,  there  is a  command to turn on the printer and  one to   ECHO.  I have a      local BBS (Grand Illusions) in St.Louisl  which carries the Adam Echo. I cam call  my local BBS (NO TOLL CALL, NO LONG DISTANCE) and leave a message in   the National Adam Echo area.   Later (& apparently automatically) FIDONET would pick this up with the othermessage areas it handles and transfer it to various BBSs including Cornacopia in Florida.So my message to Pat would get on the BBS in Florida where Pat can call      (again NO TOLL, NO L.D.) and pick it up.  She can answer axO  I did want to get your attention.Actually the Cats that were NOT in the Cats Paw article ate the Blue Swans  that were not in this article.There is something called ^A^O I.Q. TEST^P^QThe following is an intelligence test.  I Barry Wilson was able to do this   and I am asking, NO !! DARING YOU TO TRY IT.If you accomplish what I did you get a score of =B or equal to Barry  (A     high school I modestly proclaim).uch as the serial port address.   Most                 of us won't use this file very often. MLOAD25.COM     This     file  is  used when you  install  one  of  those                 overlays mentioned earlier.  It is very seldom used. Next  month  I'll finish the brief explanation of  the  T-DOS  utility  files  and begin a more in-depth explanation of the most useful files. If you have any questions or need help with T-DOS, you can contact  me (James  Poulin) at the following phone numbers: Work: AM ECHO.   TAG ADAM.ADAM ECHOMAIL CONFERENCE.FIDONET ECHOMAIL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OR  FIDONET BACK BONE.THESE ARE THE MAGIC WORDS TO BE   SPOKEN TO YOUR LOCAL FIDONET OPERATOR.Read on after you have memorized the above Maagic Words.The Natl Adam Echo is a very  small part of the FIDONET exchange areas.It is a portion of FIDONET which is devoted to ADAM messages only.What does this mean.   It means that Pat Herrington has a local BBS          (Cornacopia by name) in Florida  which carries the ADAMturn  it  off.   Rather than       trying to remember PR#1 or PR#0  as with  the  SmartBASIC,  you will need to   only remember  one  simple command.  CP/M  constantly  monitors  your          keyboard  as part of  it's control   over   the  ADAM.   Whenever  you type    something,  CP/M  is right there.... watching  and  waiting to work for you!   Just  typing something (anything) will get some sort of response  when  you    press the return.  If you type a program  name, CP/M  will load it  for  you.  nd then it would   go back to my local BBS handling Fidonet.It opens up a vast network and potential for better communications among     Adamites.   Lets face it, friendship is friendship but long distance does    cost money.   The Adam Echo on Fidonet should cost nothing.  All you need do is find a Fidonet operator in your area and ask, along with going him the    magic words.   The FIRST FIDONET contacted in St.Louis agreed to carry it    for me.HOW CAN YOU HELP ???    HOW CAN YOU GET IN ON IT ???SimNO !!!!   The Fidonet Echo will not pass Private messages; will not have     Adam files to dl. and will not be quite as fast as calling a local BBS.  So  there will always be a place for the local BBS.  It is hoped that this       Fidonet communications will get more Adamites BBSing and that means they     will surely be checking into the local Adam BBSs.I CONSIDER THIS VERY IMPORTANT AND A PROJECT OF HUGE POSSIBILE BENEFIT.Your cooperation is appreciated.Barry A. Wilson904 N. WarsonSt.Louis Mo. 63et backbone  and the TAG IS ADAM  and let him know that.If the sysop is not available for Chat, leave him the message in feedback    when you sign off.Depending upon the particular emphasis of the board you call the Sysop may or may not agree to handle the ADAM ECHO.   The more local people you can get to call and request it, the more likely he will handle it.If the lst doesn't agree to handle it, try another and another.IT IS VERY IMPORTANT as this would be a great way to exchange messages       aNO !!!!   The Fidonet Echo will not pass Private messages; will not have     Adam files to dl. and will not be quite as fast as calling a local BBS.  So  there will always be a place for the local BBS.  It is hoped that this       Fidonet communications will get more Adamites BBSing and that means they     will surely be checking into the local Adam BBSs.I CONSIDER THIS VERY IMPORTANT AND A PROJECT OF HUGE POSSIBILE BENEFIT.Your cooperation is appreciated.Barry A. Wilson904 N. WarsonSt.Louis Mo. 63  local area code BBSs in your area.I WAS ABLE TO DO IT AND THAT MEANS ALMOST ANYONE SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO IT.    You DO need to know who to dial a phone and must have a modem.Not sure if this works for Canada and I will try to work this out for USA    before looking into Canada.Which is not to say that some Canadian can start looking into it now and     then let me know or do something similar himself for the Canadian Adamites.Does this mean an end to the local Adam BBSs, should they feel threatened.ple.Send me your phone #,  I will have FIDONET do a search for all the BBSs in   your area code that are part of the Fidonet system.I will send you that information, which may consist of l-l50 BBSs and phone  numbers.You see which ones are NOT toll calls or long distance from you and then     call them, hit C for Chat and when you get the sysop on line, you ask if he  would handle the National Adam Network as part of his Fidonet  exchange program.   The National Adam Echomail Conference is on the Fidonl32.l area code BBSs in your area.I WAS ABLE TO DO IT AND THAT MEANS ALMOST ANYONE SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO IT.    You DO need to know who to dial a phone and must have a modem.Not sure if this works for Canada and I will try to work this out for USA    before looking into Canada.Which is not to say that some Canadian can start looking into it now and     then let me know or do something similar himself for the Canadian Adamites.Does this mean an end to the local Adam BBSs, should they feel threatened.cross the country without long distance charges and it would help  get more Adamites involved in the Adam world.Right now it would put you in contact with Zonker, Barry Wilson, Pat         Herrington, Al Fitzgerald, Don Bueltmann, Jim Duffy, Lani Brito, Alan        Keltner, among others.I have contacted many other well known adamites and sent them lists in theirareas, hopefully, they will be able to hook onto this distribution.Just send me your phone number, address, etc. and I will send you back the   HISTORY OF UKAS                         By K.A. Marner As we are 5 years young, I thought it would be a fine time to let  you      know   how  our  group  started  and  introduce  some   vital  statistics.  I  have   been  running  this  non-profit-making  user     group  dedicated to the ADAM  since June 1986 and  currently  have   members in Scotland,    Wales, Spain,      Belgium and the U.S.A. As  far  as I know, this is the   ONLY ADAM users group   in the UK and indeed  in Europe.  I bought m     with the help of  SmartFILER, to compile a  useful  database from which to  send out and          intoductory letter for  UKAS.  Needless  to say, this took weeks of solid      typing. Statistics  on  how many people contacted  will follow later on in this article.  In     MAY 1988 we aquired ALL ADAM INVENTORY from TELEGAMES  UK,  one  of  the largest mail order computer games companies so  we  now have a    good  supply of hardware, software   and spares  for  our  members. The latest    software d a mail  order company called ICE   and were producing  an ADAM newsletter called    ADAM COMPUTING for #2.00 each    issue.  I  believe  the  company  was      started with the  proceeds  of  their   redundancy  money  after  CBS  TOYS folded.  Here  was  my  first  inclination  that there was support in the   UK for the  ADAM.  The  only other person I     knew who had an ADAM was my nephew who  lived  in Florida. He was able to give me a few pointers on new software  and how and where in the States to gsletters so we are very   much a family affair. Alan  Abrahams  soon     dropped  out of sight after  2     issues  of  their  newsletter  but       TELEGAMES  still  continues  to  produce   Coleco  Cartridges. My personal system consists of a standard ADAM Expansion Module 3           connected   to the printer via a GENDER CHANGER (to save wear  and  tear)   plus  a       special  power  socket  similar  to  the   Roller  Controller power socket.  Although this does  power  my  Roller  Controller, I uormation  from  the  USA  than  ADAM COMPUTING,   they encouraged me to  start  an  ADAM  USERS  GROUP to rival that of ICE.  ALAN too was astounded at  the  information  I was receiving, so much so    that he offered me  his     entire ADAM inventory at a price I could not    refuse. I  put  an ad in a paper and had two or three enquiries  by  June  1986  so we were up and running. I also got ahold of  The  Silica  Shop's  ADAM      mailling   list when they went entirely over to  Atari  and  proceeded,y ADAM in January 1985 from the Silica Shop in  Sidcup,  Kent and bought my software from the same place at what I thought  were reasonable   prices. I refere to those of blank data packs  at  #6.00  and  Coleco       Cartridges at #24.00. Because I  sent  in  my  registration  form to CBS    TOYS  at Berkshire, I was  contacted  by  Alan Abrahams who was the         marketing        manager at that time. He  and  another  employee of the    company who            distributed the ADAM in  the  UK, had formeand hardware still  comes  from  the  States  but because we have  a   good membership base,  we  are  able  to  obtain special deals from     vendors    especially  when  it  comes to buying in bulk.  The newsletter is scheduled for any time within the first 3 weeks  of every even month and so far, we have never missed putting  out  an issue. My 5    year  old daughter, Natasha, presses the button  on  the second-hand        photocopying    machine and my wife, Una, sorts  and  staples the           newet     ahold of them.         Comparing  the  prices offered my Messers Abrahams and Co. to  those  of    the  various outlets in the States, I found that even after paying  the     #2.00  money order cost (1985 cost, now it is #5.00)  along  with  the      import duties and taxes, I would still make a huge saving  by  getting them from the USA. In the meantime my Sister purchased an  ADAM  from  ICE as    did   my Brother-in-law.  They  quickly  learned  that,  because I was      getting more  accurate infse it  to power the       Sydmodem 1200 that connects  to  it via the Trysid Video modification. The     modem occupies slot  1,  my  256K memory expander is  in slot 3 and slot 2 is   occupied  by  the  MIB2  interface.  One ribbon   cable from  this  interface    is  connected to a 64K print buffer which is in turn connected to  my          Panasonic  KX-P1081 dot matrix printer    and another ribbon  cable  connects    the MIB2 to the Micro Innovations    20Meg Hard Drive.  The  Hard  Drive unit     also         membership   count was 63 and we  curently  have 4 women in our group and 6 being the       highest figure. We  are  still contacted by non-members via Telegames and I    believe  there  are hundreds more in the UK who still    don't know about our     group.ghest ever membership count was 63                                                                           year and then he  joined  us  again. He      would have been our longest  serving member but  for  that  gap. This       accolade god drive    contains TDOS and  many  CP/M  utilities  plus  a     plethora of  EOS  files      including  FILE  MANAGER and ADAM CALC so I    need hardly ever change a disk.                          VITAL STATISTICS      Since  that fateful day in 1986, I have personally  answered  256  letters  concerning UKAS and ADAM with many more ansered  in  the  newsletter        itself.   The smallest and shortest letter measured 3.5"  by 3.5" and the   longest was    from an Australian ADAM owner and was  22"  as       previous years, The Stanley Halls, 12  South  Norwood       Hill,  London  SE25.    See map of local area on next page  if  you  are    attending for the first     time. We start at 10a.m. so please  come  as    early as possible as we intend,  as we tried to do last year, to stick  to  a scheduled plan. Please make sure   you are there in time to see it  all   because at 1700 we must be all packed up and out of there.  When  you       arrive, see one of the organisers and pick up    your  free  pes to James Howard of      Norwich who  has  been  a continuous  member since mid 1987. Judging by  the    orders  that  go  though UKAS and through general conversation,  I  would      hazzard a guess that John      Porter of Saffron Walden must have  the  most        immpressive ADAM       system in the group but I could be  wrong.  So  far we have   had 140       members pass through the group.  When  we  first  hit  the 50 member        mark, we have never dipped  below  that  figure. Our highest ever   contains a 3.5" 720K      floppy disk drive. My  other  disk drive, a 320K    5.25" double sided      converted ADAM  disk  drive, is connected to the ADAM via   the regular     ADAM NET port. The  side expansion port is connected to an 80 column unit  which  drives   my  green  screen  monitor.  A  Smartmate  Cartridge   is  permanently      sticking    out of the game console's cartridge port  so  I  can  access    the hard drive at a touch of the  cartridge  reset  button. Not only this,  but the har                                                                                                                                                                               The FIFTH UKAS OPEN DAY This  year's exhibition, our fifth, will be on Saturday the  28th  of       September  1990.  Saturdays  now seem to  be  favorite  amoungst  the       members as itwill make public transport availability easier for those  who  will  be   comming from a great distance. It will be held  at  the  same    place  by 8.5" on       continuous paper. The   ADAM users from the  Silica  Shop's register        contacted numbered 286. The  very first member (apart from my Sister and Brother-in  Law)  was      Jeremy Timmins of Erdington, Birmingham who turned  in  some  very  good    cartridge    game reviews. He joined in 1986 and  dropped  out 2 years      later. There was a   laps of 1 year and then he  joined  us  again. He      would have been our longest  serving member but  for  that  gap. This       accolade goublic  domain software  package.  This  will be one of  the      latest  to  be           released into the PD by Graftex Software. We need to know how  many to      make  available so if you have not yet notified us of your  intention  to   attend, please do so NOW. Please  send  in  your attendance replys even if you  are  unable  to       attend  so  at least we will know that you received  the  invitation.       Amoung  the     usual exhibits will be the 80 column  unit  and  monitor    showing  off                                                                        er your printer. There will be a complete Graphics section with demos of GRAPHIX  PIX,       GRAPHIX PAINTER, NEWSMAKER, PAINTMASTER, SMART PAINT AND POWER PAINT.  We   will be able to show off the pictures on dot-matrix printers  with  at      least a colour print out of a word processor  and AdamCALC file. There  will  be non-members there also and it is up to all of  us  to  help them  as  well.  Bring a note book and  ask  quesPublic Domain  software  includuding TDOS 4.58 and games galore will be on         show. There may  be  a gamer's competition but, as usual, we will not       reveal   what game  it  will be until the day but it will have a HALL OF    FAME SCREEN.   Do take  part no matter what age you are. The prizes will    be:-    FIRST......#30.00 UKAS VOUCHER to be used against ADAM software or       hardware.   SECOND.....A personal stereo cassette system with headphones.   THIRD......A pair of universal printer .LBR  This library file contains XLATE6.COM and  what  this  program  does  is to take a 8080 similar to IBM's  XT  processor)  source  code      .ASM   file using Intel mnemonics and creates  a  new  Z80  (ADAM  amoung   others)    source code  .MAC  file  using  Zilog  mnemonics.  The  new      program is        immediately ready to  run  on  a  Microsoft Z80           assembler.  Z8E-V14A.LBR  includes  :  13JUNE87.V14,  ANSIXYCP.ZZ0,  Z8E.CZM,  Z8E.DZC, Z8E.SYM, Z8E.ZZ0 and Z8E-V14.IZF but the  librations.  It  is             pointless  to ask for a demonstration of software or  hardware  which       isn't on show so if   there is something you would like to see or  have     explained in detail on the  day please tell us in good time so we will  be  able  to get hold of it from   one of our  various  sources.  Bring  along  your  own  items  for exhibit if  you  wish  but  you  will  be             responsible for your own gear.      COME ALONG AND HAVE A GREAT TIME. SEE WHAT YOUR ADAM CAN DO.            SmartBASIC  80, Dbase  II  and  WORDSTAR               PROFFESSIONAL  RELEASE  4.0 and the  latest version of TDOS.  We will now   be able  to  show  off the latest Micro   Innovations Adamnet floppy disk   drives  in  5.25" and 3.5" double sided        formats as well as their     Hard Disk drive.  We will also have LARGE memory      cards and the         software to drive  them.  We  will have the odd surplus items up for grabs  (members  and  their  guests  only).  As usual, a wide variety of                                                                                                                                                                             NIAD PUBLIC DOMAIN CP/M VOLUMES Last reviewed APR-MAY 91                           CP/M CNDV 47A                         By K.A. Marner The  volumes on this disk are libraried. To split the  LBR  files  into     their  individual components will require DELIB.COM. Ideas on  how to use   this appear in the CP/M HINTS section. XLATE6stands to allow you to  fit  your continuous feed or fan fold paper under your printer. There will be a complete Graphics section with demos of GRAPHIX  PIX,       GRAPHIX PAINTER, NEWSMAKER, PAINTMASTER, SMART PAINT AND POWER PAINT.  We   will be able to show off the pictures on dot-matrix printers  with  at      least a colour print out of a word processor  and AdamCALC file. There  will  be non-members there also and it is up to all of  us  to  help them  as  well.  Bring a note book and  ask  quesry  file  was  split into    2     .LIB files, namely Z8E-V14A.LBR &  Z8E-V14B.LBR  which is put onto    CNDV 47B.   This is a trace/debug utility for the  Z80 processor by Richard Surwilo.  Z8E-V14.INF This contains all the information about Z8E-V14                        ------ oOo ------                            CNDV 47B There  are 2 ARK files on this disk which will need UNARC.COM  to  extract  the individual files, some of which are instructional DOC  files.           UNARC.COM       version have  the  same  peripheral           equipment as    were available for other home micros. After enduring his    son's  constant      nagging, Mark decided to develop a hard  drive  unit.  Luckily  for  us all    that he did not know that Big John  Lingrel  had    already  designed and        marketed an adequite version at the time or    we  would be stuck without a      choice. The MI workshop (Marks Basement) opened up into a veritable Aladdin's  Cave of ADAM technology from a huge computer workstati80 source code. XIZ.COM is the most useful of the two as nearly all CP/M programs  were     originally written in 8080 code. ARK02.ARK  This program allows you to generate your  own  archive  files    and  is useful for saving disk space  when  storing  files  prior to        transmission   via modem. TPA32.LBR  Used to calculate how much Transient Program Area  you  have. UNARC16.ARK  is  used to extract the individual  files  from  ARK  files.   It   also allows you to view the contents withouk   power  supply  units  actually had         strapping so that you can fix them for 240v working.  Up  to  now all PSUs  had to have an external transformer which       added  to  the  cost.  This was an extra cost that UKAS absorbed to make  it   as  easy as possible for it's members to enjoy the upgrade. There is  now  a   new way to add an 80  column unit to the ADAM. The video board  can  be         connected         directly to the ADAM via the MIB2 which already sits  in  slot  2    for    the Hard   MICRO INNOVATIONS                           by K.A. Marner In  August  1989  the news broke about Micro  Innovations  and  their       hardware  products  which were demonstrated at the  very  first  ADAM       CONVENTION.  I  thought you might like to know who they are  and  how  they started especially as I had the pleasure of meeting Mark  Gordon  on a      recent  visit to the USA. It all started when Mark's son Scott wanted a hard drive for his ADAM  as   he  saw no reason why ADAM should not 1.6 can be found on CNDV  46  reviewed  last issue.  Z8E-V14B.LBR This is the second half of the LBR file in CNDV 47A. Z8E-V14.INF This contains all the information about Z8E-V14 XZIZ.LBR The library name stands for I-to-Z (INTEL TO ZILOG)  and  Z-to-I   (ZILOG  TO  INTEL)  translators.  The  two   translators  contained  in     the    library file are XIZ.COM for  converting  Intel  8080  source  code  to  Zilog Z80 source  code  and  XZI.COM  for  converting Zilog Z80 source  code into     Intel 80on running  the  latest    Computer Aided Design software for designing printed  circuit  boards  to   the  ADAM and various hard drive/floppy drives running  the  BBS. On the    test bed   was the latest development, a 1.44MB 3.5" floppy  disk  drive    which was in the final stage of testing and will soon  be  introduced  into the already vast MI product line (see advert).  This  unit  will also be    able to read 720K disks   as well as  1.44MB  disks.  First  hand I was     able to see that the Hard dist having  to  extract them  first.smission via modem. TPA32.LBR  Used to calcula                                                                           rmation about Z8E-V14 XZIZ.LBR The library name stands for I-to-Z (INTEL TO ZILOG)  and  Z-to-I   (ZILOG  TO  INTEL)  translators.  The  two   translators  contained  in     the    library file are XIZ.COM for  converting  Intel  8080  source  code  to  Zilog Z80 source  code  and  XZI.COM  for  converting Zilog Z80 source  code into     Intel 80Disk which eliminates  the  need  for  hanging  equipment  off     the side expansion port on short cables but again  the  choice  is yours.   There will also be a Low Cost MIB card  which  will  carry a 'BOOT EPROM'   for  instant access to TDOS/EOS and utilities. The  future  looks bright for ADAM especially for us UK  users.  Mark       intends  to investigate converting Stand Alone ADAMS to PAL  so  that  they can work  on our TV system. This may involve plugging  the  NTSC  video     output to an    and show how  Logo can be  used to learn the basics of geometry. Control  of  the  turtle is only one small application  of  LOGO  but  because  it  is  the  most  visually  interesting,  it  is  the  most  publicised      aspect  which is why SmartLOGO displays the cursor  as  a  turtle. The greater enphasis should be on the way small, simple ideas  can be built up into        larger, more complex ones. These  processes  can  be seen when you see  how  children  start  to  instuct  the  turtle  to  ave  to be made. Scott  is nearing completion of his first graphic adventure game.  It  is   a   Dungeons and Dragons style game that, quotes  Mark,   "combines  the    best     features from the Ultima series, Phantasy  Star  (Genesis),        Dragon  Warrior   (Nintendo), and Sierra On-Line  (IBM).  It  features      graphics  screens,       sprites, fonts and dialog boxes. ADAM aside  Marks wife,  Anita,  has  just   published her first  paperback  novel,  'The     Valliant Heart'. I wish her      eveommand FLOWER,  which will draw the complete picture, is developed. TO PETAL      Using the CURVE and PETAL programs from last issue,  we CURVE         can  work  out  that  if  a  turtle  goes  right  round RT 100            anything,  it turns through 360 degrees. In  the  CURVE CURVE         program,  it turns through 80 on the first turn  so  it END           must turn through 80 on the way back which equals  160. PETAL         This  leaves 200 to be     used up. We already had it  turn             ‚Oےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے.pn28 .h1                           SMART LOGO TIPS .h2            The         Learning environment Pt 2 By K.A. Marner Last  issue, we saw how the Turtle can be used to draw a small  petal  of a    flower. We will continue to create the whole flower external box but whichever way it comes  out,  we  should   benefit. I hope to  keep MI informed as to our needs but  they  need  our   support in the form of   firm commitments, after all what  is  the  point   of  their spending time,    effort  and  money  to  develop  hardware  that no one is going to purchase. I was told that  it  cost  Mark  $350.00  just to  get one small  minimum       order  of  prototype  interface boards     made up to say nothing of the cost of   re-hashing  if  modifications hdraw a flower. They  will  start  with  the  simplest  of    commands:FORWARD  (FD), which moves  the  turtle  by  a  specified  ammount;   RIGHT (RT), which turns the  turtle  through  as  specified angle; and REPEAT, which repeats the lines of the program a  specified number of times. From these ideas, the children first construct a 'tool' (program) for  drawing  a curve as we saw last issue. From experimentation, a  PETAL  command is      defined which makes use of the CURVE command.  Eventually,  a cry success.                                                                           informed as to our needs but  they  need  our   support in the form of   firm commitments, after all what  is  the  point   of  their spending time,    effort  and  money  to  develop  hardware  that no one is going to purchase. I was told that  it  cost  Mark  $350.00  just to  get one small  minimum       order  of  prototype  interface boards     made up to say nothing of the cost of   re-hashing  if  modifications h RIGHT  90  which was wasn't enough to  make  the  petal  touch   at both ends. Now we see that if we had used half of  200  (RT  100), it would get back to where it started.       PETAL         Now if we string 4 of them together we get a flower but PETAL         it  is a little 'lop-sided'. That is because after  the PETAL             turtle has drawn one petal, it is facing 100 degrees to PETAL         the      left of where it started. That adds up to  100  to              the left each time.        the  now  defunct  NIBBLES  and BITS newsletter. The article, which  was  first  written  over   3 years ago, refered to some out of  date  information  which  I hope to skirt around through re-writing but the all  of  the  tips and ideas are entirely by Sol Swift. Since  we  all have SmartBASIC, we'll do all our work  from  it.  The  first   step  is  to  get  an idea of  what  REGISTERS  are.  In  most  situations you should think of them as built-in variables. They don't  use any standard RAM   and tway  with  many  of  the  formalaties  and   proceedures          associated with programming in other languages such as FORTH. The aim  was     that the child should not be aware that he/she  is  programming,  rather that  he/she is solving a problem.icient. Converting to WordStar format. CALL  UP  EACH FILE INTO VDE266 THEN SAVE (Control +  K  then  S)  them        immediately, without changing anything.  This sets up all of  the carriage     returns into wordstar format automatically.   CALL begin with we'll  only  work    with 7 of them; these are "A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "H" and  "L".  The  "A"     register is also called the accumulator. The others  may  be  grouped  into    specific  PAIRS in order  to  permit  larger  variable  values. The acceptable pairs are "BC", "DE" and "HL" In BASIC if you wanted to assign a value of "15" to a variable nameed  "A",    you'd use the following STATEMENT:100 a=15. There are  no  line  numbers  in   Z80.  The sequence of a program  is  determined  by‚Oےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے.pn24 .he                           SmartBASIC TIPS                   MACHINE LANGUAGE TUTORIAL pt 1                            By Sol Swift                       Modified by K.A. Marner This  begins  a series of articles which first appeared  in                               TO       FLOWER     We must put turns between the petals to take the turtle   REPEAT 4      back to the right by 10 degrees.                           PETAL  RT 10 END FLOWER FLOWER        Turn  the turtle around and we can draw the  stalk  and RT 180        perhaps  a leaf. The leaf can be the same as the  petal FD 100        but  the turtle has to turn through 180 degrees  before RT 180        the leaf can be drawn.                                  PETAL Logo  does  ahey may use any value from "0" thru  "255".  If  you're accustomed to     programming in BASIC, this may sound  rather  restrictive.  Just keep in mind  that everything you've seen  on  your  ADAM  was  based  on this simple        concept.  REGISTERS  are  low-level  variables for the Z80 programmer! You can freely transfer values into  and  out  of  them. But because there are'nt      many  of  them,  you'll  normally use them only as temporrary variables. Each  of the registers has a specific name. To UP THE FILE IN WORDSTAR, then:  *   Type  Control  + O (letter O) and J,  to  disable  right     justify. *   Control  + Y to erase the first line  of  garbage.(Often     times  there  are two or three lines at the top  of  the     article  that  are  repeats.   Look  carefully  for  the     correct beginning of the article in the third, fourth or     more  line.   Use  Control  +  G  to  erase   individual     characters.  You will find some repeats at the very  end     of the article also, whi  its  location  in RAM. In other words, your instructions are executed  one  after another beginning at   the RAM address that you specify. In  Z80,  there is a single instruction      which means "a="; it is "62" in decimal  or  "3E  in hex. There are more       powerful alternatives which  will  be  discussed  later. Thus the Z80          equivalent of "a=15" is "62,15".  This  method  of  putting  a  value into a   register  is  called  IMMEDIATE  ADDRESSING; the value loaded (LD) into the    register if  you think of a variable as being  a  container,  the          variable  name  as being the label on the container  then  the  value  would   be its contents. The letter a can be assigned the value 5  like  this:  a=5.   There is no need to add the word LET as in some  versions  of BASIC. A         variable might be subscripted (an ARRAY) ie. a  container  holding  a          specified number of internal elements. An example of  this  would  be:  a(6).  The variable a has 6 elements in this  case.  In  a   the accumulator; the mnemonic is: LD A,15.  In  this  example  the  "LD"  is   the opcode. The  "A,15"  is  called  the  OPERAND. The OPERAND represents the  entity upon which the instruction  is performed. The operand has 2 parts. Data is passed from the SOURCE  (right of the comma), to the DESTINATION (left of   the comma). The use  of  the mnemonics may seem a little complicated at first, but as  you  progress you'll understand them better and realize the importance  of  the concepts. Next issue, RE  program, line by line:                                    If  you  RUN the  program,  these                                    values  will be assigned  to  the     20 a(1)=5                      individual elements of a. To  see     30 a(2)=10                     the   results,  use   the   PRINT     40 a(3)=15                     command  to  display,  say,  a(5)     50 a(4)=20                     like  this:? a(5)<RETURN>. The  ?     60 a(5)=25                     can  be used instead or the  wo‚Oےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے.pn23 .h1                TIPS FOR THE NOVICE SMART BSAIC USER .h2                   Variables and assigning values                           By K.A. Marner There   are  many  methods  of  assigning  values  to  variables   in          SmartBASIC.  Is the next  byte  after  the instruction. In the beginning, we'll do most of  our  work  with IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING. The "62" is called an OPCODE (operation code) or INSTRUCTION.  Rather  than    think of the OPCODES as mere numbers, a system of mnemonics  was  devised.     These mnemonics are used extensively by assemblers and  they  provide a        reference point for you to "think" of the type of operation  being performed.  The operation of a "62" is to load the value in  the  next  byte of RAM into  SmartBASIC program, we    always reserve memory for subscripted variable  with  the  DIM statement which is short for dimention.  For  example,  here is how we would start a typical   program: 10 DIM a(6). Note  that  using  upper case A or lowercase a will be   the same in SmartBASIC  so  don't go trying to assign two different sets of    arrays. After setting  up  the  elements  of the array, you may set  about     assigning  their  values.  The  simplest  method  is to do  this  directly     within  theGISTER PAIRS/ADDRESS REGISTERS.In fact,   you should  be doing it as a matter of course every few months anyway. As  implied  earlier, you should try a couple of tapes.   If  you  have them,  it might be worth trying a Megacopied tape and a  320K  tape.  This gets into  the reason why the tape someone copied  for  you,  and  that you saw working   on his machine, doesn't  work  on  yours.   The  DDD is very srd     70 a(6)=30                     PRINT.  A '25' will be  displayed                                    on the left of the screen on  the  next    line down. Try this with the other elements. The above  is  all  well  an      good if you want to keep the same values but  what  if  the  values  are  to   change with each program. This can be done  with  the  INPUT command:      10 DIM a(6)     15 ? "PLEASE ENTER VALUES"     20 INPUT a(1)                  Now you will be prompted to enter     30 INout  mathematics.  The  program covers          ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION  and I have tried it out on our 5 year old who has just  completed  her first year at infant school. She   was able to tackle the first  level in addition and subtraction with very      little coaching  from  me and what seemed to keep her interest high is the     excellent use  of animated graphics and weired sounds. Load  the disk/datapack and pull the computer reset key  and  you  will  see   the title s)                 READ/DATA  statement   to have  the        40 NEXT x                    program  assign  the  values  for        50 DATA 5,10,15,20,25,30     you. Next issue, we will use  the      above commands to write a program for sorting numbers into  ascending  order.using the irretrievable       demise of your DDD, use a  demagnetizer  or abrasive tape cleaner.  Just swab  the cleaner on, blon read, you  may move onto the     next one with any keypress. You may print  each  screen  as it is displayed if you press the <PRINT> key  on  your  keyboard.  This  prints the screen to the ADAM printer  only  and  there  are  about  4 pages of half a page  width.  I  have  tried  printing  to  a dot-matrix printer but to no  avail,  even  after  trying  more  than one printer patch so don't waste any  time  on  this.   The  instructions  contain many tips for the  parent  who  should  oversee the you‚Oےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے.pn19 .he                           SCHOOL DAZE                   from Wizard's Lair Software                     Reviewed by K.A. Marner This  is  an educational game suitable for  children  of  Primary  School  age  who are beginning to learn  abPUT a(2)                  the 6 values. This can be further     40 INPUT a(3)                  simplified by using the  FOR/NEXT     50 INPUT a(4)                  loop.                                 60 INPUT a(5)     70 INPUT a(6)      10 DIM a(6)     20 FOR x=1 to 6     30 INPUT a(x)     40 NEXT x If,  as  in the first  case,  the        10 DIM a(6)                  values   are to be kept  the  same        20 FOR x=1 to 6              each   time,     you  can  use   the        30 READ a(xcreen and hear some  familiar  introductory  music.  I  think it is the same as that of Flashcard  Maker.  The  opening  menu  screen  shows  the  following  options  which  are  associated with the ADAM's SmartKEYS:                     MATH DRILL                    MATH CLIMBER                    READ INSTRUCTIONS                    ADAM SUPPORT                    RESET ADAM The  first thing you should do is choose the  instructions.  Each  screenful   of instructions is displayed in turn and whet up  the  excess  with all the tape granules that have     stuck to  the  head,  and let it dry.  This will often do the job.  In fact,   you should  be doing it as a matter of course every few months anyway. As  implied  earlier, you should try a couple of tapes.   If  you  have them,  it might be worth trying a Megacopied tape and a  320K  tape.  This gets into  the reason why the tape someone copied  for  you,  and  that you saw working   on his machine, doesn't  work  on  yours.   The  DDD is very sngsters while operating this package as the degree  of difficulty is mixed. For example, my daughter might be able to  understand  simple  division but    fractions and decimals  are  way  beyond  her  at  this stage. There is a      provision  to  skip  the  difficult  equations by entering 888 but the program assumes  you  have got it wrong which is a little unfair. With  MATH DRILL you are presented with a choice of 13  different  tables  to  work  with. Each table will come  up  with  the  same  seque <PRINT> key of the  keyboard  but  this  time  you may use a           dot-matrix printer if  you  choose  the  print  option  from the smart key     display at the  bottom  of  the  screen. There are some out of date            information therin as this was  put  together  in 1989 but UKAS is registered  and  can  be  found  about  third from the end. You are encouraged to write    to  these  companies and groups to show your support for their products  and   services.  I  am  sure  they would like to  he problem  right  and  you will hear a happy sound as a   smiling face rolls  to  the  bottom  of  the screen. Get it wrong and the      frowning  face  will  roll down the screen as the correct answer is given      allong with a  running  total  and percentage of correct answers. On  the      right  hand side of the report card are some simple instructions on  wht       numbers  to  enter to skip or quit. A 999 will get you  the  menu  again. The  MATH CLIMBER option displayes a castle scene with  a  l is to learn and       retain a good knowledge  of  the basics of mathematics.  All in all, this is an excellent, well thought out, package and a  must for    every parent who would like their child to at least take  an interest in       computers and the layout of a keyboard.set.  Conspicuously  absent,  however,  is  any  memory map (mentioned on p.  451    but  nowhere  detailed). In fact, the book ons incorrectly, the man  falls  off  the  ladder and the   game ends with a display of your  statistics.  Quitting or ending this game    results in the wole graphic  display  scrolling  off  the  top  of the screen  and  the  main  menu  is  displayed once again. The fourth option is ADAM support. This brings up a list of  over  60 ADAM     user's groups and suppliers with their details. This list  can  also be        printed out one item at a time on the  ADAM  printer  for  a hard copy if you  hit thence  of equations  but will revolve around the  table  number  you have chosen. Once a table is   chosen you will then be  allowed  to choose either +,-,* or /. For example, if you chose table zero  and  addition,  your first problem may be  0 + 1.   The  thing to watch out for is if you had chosen table zero  with  division as divide by zero is not allowed. The problems will then  appear  in the centre   of a screen report card. On the  left  hand  side is a smilie face and a       frowning face. Get tknow  that  they  are  recognised  as far away as England. Chosing the option to reset will take you to the ADAM  typewriter  screen. The  graphics were designed using Digital Express techniques  and  are very    detailed indeed. This program could have been made  very  simply  with         SmartBASIC  but  it  is  important  that  colourful  graphics and a multitude  of sounds are used to keep the  interest  of the user as high as possible      without distracting him/her  from  the  main topic whichittle  matchstick  man at the foot of a ladder. The questions appear  at  random  on  the  left   hand side of the castle  wall  but  in  an  unconvetional manner in that the   numbers appear one on top of the  other  with  the  sign in between. When  a   problem  is  answered  correctly, the man ascends the ladder by one rung and   will  reach  the  top  of  the  wall  after  you  have  answered  16  problems  correctly.  A  wrong answer will cause the man to step  down  one  rung.  If  you answer 5 equati‚Oےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے.pn18              ROBO THIEF from Steve Pitman Software                     Reviewed by K.A. Marner This  is the latest and by far, the hardest one player  game,  by  Steve       Pitman. There are instructions provided on  the  disk/data  pack  wh to you  to  devise      your  own method to negotiate each one as  there  are  no  hints available in  the instructions. These all go to make this  a  very challenging game and one  that you will not be fed up with in  a  hurry.  My only gripe would be that    there is no HALL  OF  FAME  screen but this is only a minor drawback. Loading  is very fast as  it is in 100% machine language and the graphics is reasonable for  a non-Coleco game..       Easier  said  than  done.  It took me quite a while to escape from the  first  screen  with  the default skill level 1. There are 4 skill levels with  4      being  described as EXPERT and you really need to be.  Each robot is controlled in turn by hitting the LEFT fire  button  of  your    joystick. While controlling one robot, the other 2  just  continue  on  in     the direction it was going  when  you  released  control of it. The robots     must avoid the side walls of the  maze,  security  ast   reviewed Aug-Sep 88) from MMSG and Multicart  Backup from Best Software as     distributed by ANN with additions by  myself on Coleco Game Copy (last         reviewed Oct-Nov 90).            MULTICART BACKUP AND COPYCART+ by G. Havach Ever  since  reading  the Hinkles' Hacker's  Guide  to  Adam  and  learning    that  it's really possible to copy cartridge  games  to  data  pack or disk,   I've been waiting for some clever  hacker  to  produce  a commercially         available utility for this pyou may withdraw the medium  when  you see the opening selection screen. The   options are:                     1 - START                    2 - PASSWORD                    3 - SPEED 1 Password  is a new feature. Each time a game is over, it will  be  assigned  a particular password which you will have to  note.  If  you  wish, you may      start that particular game from where it  left  off by entering its password   at the selection screen. There  are some 30 screens to get through and it is upich you    may read or print out under SmartWRITER and  will  be handy to have in front   of you while you play the game. An  alien  from the planet ADAM was robbed by  another  from  the  planet NES  and was put under a spell which turned him into  HUMAN  SKELETON. You are in   control of 3 fairly wayward robots which you  have  to manoever inside the     enemy's ship in order to  steal  the  ADAMITE's possesions back and break the  spell. Once the spell has  been  broken,  you will reveal his true form‚Oےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےقےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے.pn8 .he               CARTRIDGE BACKUP PROGRAMS COMPARED                         By K.A. Marner We  have taken the best cartridge backup programs  available  for  the  ADAM   and compared them based on research by  George  Havach  into Copycart+ (lbeams, slime blocks and     Robofreezers whilst  trying  to  collect money and crystals. You can work the  Robofreezers in your  favour as they will leave you one less robot to worry    about. When  you pull the computer reset, the disk/data pack  loads  the  game  while  displaying the title screen and  playing  some  very  pleasant  music         ("Beautiful Dreamer" and "I was strolling in  the  park  one day"). The        instructions say that the whole of this  50k  game  is loaded into at once so  urpose.   And  now,   wonder  of  wonders,  two    have  hit  the  market   almost  simultaneously:    "Multicart   Backup"  from  M.W.    Ruth   and  "Cartcopy+" from MMSG.  Price-wise, Cartcopy+ has the     edge:   $15  (#11.70)  versus $19.95.  But, although they both work  extremely  well,  there are significant differences in their convenience  to  the user. First off, I must admit it's a real kick to be able to transfer a  familiar    ColecoVision  game to data pack or disk--and  not  just  one,  bs its flashy    title screen for another  16--makes  for  less waiting to get down to game     play.  Both utilities require  a  specially formatted medium ("target") to     work with; Cartcopy+ can  create  its  own target, whereas Multicart Backup    must  first  be  transferred to the target with a backup utility like          "Packcopy."  But Multicart Backup's target can then be used either to add  new  games  or to play existing ones; Cartcopy+'s target is  for  game  play       exclusively. Overal just how close you're getting to running out  of  space,  though,     you  need  to be able to read  the  directory  structure  generated  by either utility.  In this regard, Cartcopy+ is  more  direct:  the named game files    (type "C") it creates are  actually  readable with SmartBASIC--in fact, they   can even be copied  (with  MMSG's  earlier-released utility "Backup+").        Multicart  Backup's  unique directory is "stacked" at the end of block 1,      where it can  be read only by the utility itsefter" media is  actually  a  step  backward.   But the compactness of data storage  is  a  big  plus--not to      mention being able to peek into all that proprietary  code! A final note of caution:  Neither Cartcopy+ nor Multicart  Backup              sufficiently  stresses  the  DANGER  of  inserting  or   removing  cartridges  with  the  system  powered  on;  Multicart   Backup's  instructions  even tell you to ignore such warning signs  as  the  printer  tripping  or  the screen   freezing up, and  j far, the  shortest   I've  seen  is Q*bert (only 8 K), and the longest  are  Football,  Tapper, and Dam Busters (32 K each).  Lots of others are 16 or 24  K, with a few oddballs:  Mouse Trap, 11; Centipede, 15;  Victory,  19.  I think this kind of           information is a real bonus. For  what it does, Multicart Backup is a lot shorter (2 versus  8  K)  and     easier to use than Cartcopy+.  Its quick loading  time--1  second  to main     menu, whereas Cartcopy+ takes 4 seconds  to  load  and  displayut  several,   one after  another.   The  instructions  for  Multicart  Backup  say 8 to a    data pack and 5 to a disk,  but  it  turns out these are minimums, because the games themselves are of  varying length.  So it's not unusual to get 8 or 9    complete games  on one side of a disk, with no problem; and if you use both    sides  (a  "flippy"), that's 15 to 20 cartridges on one  diskette!  Now,       that's  compactness for you.  And away into storage can  go  your  cartridge   collection! To  telll,  Multicart  Backup's no-frills approach is  more  to  my  liking.     For one thing, you select games with the keypad, not the  keyboard, as with    Cartcopy+, so it's more "kid-oriented."  (Games  are  for  the child in us     all!) And I  found  Cartcopy+'s  title- screen display a bit tedious; loading  time from data pack or disk  is  long  enough as it is.  Of course, the whole  advantage  of  a  PROM   cartridge  is  its  near-instantaneous  loading  and   its  durability,  so running games from "solf or a block editor, like       Uncle  Ernie's Toolkit. It  turns  out  that,  despite  its  more  sophisticated  coding,  Cartcopy+   is  less  accurate  in determining  the  size  of  any  cartridge:  it rounds  off in multiples of 4 blocks.  On the other  hand,  Multicart Backup registers and records the exact  size  to  the nearest block.  This translates to less   wasted space on  your  "soft"  media, and thus more games per tape/disk.  It's  neat  to  learn the actual lengths of various games.  Soust  to  hit  COMPUTER  RESET.  Bad advice! I learned the   hard way:   the  next  day, my screen display was zapped--probably some        component on the  video  board FRIED.  Hi ho, Honeywell...  So, if you're      going  to  enjoy the convenience provided by one of these utilities, be SURE   to  power  down in between cartridge changes;  otherwise,  you'll  risk        blowing it in a big way.                 Coleco Game Copy (Public Domain)                         By K.A. Marner I  have  to  sayned to    work with a data pack (255K), or a disk (160K). The          programmer put in a test to check to see what media was      being used. Take this test out and we can take advantage of  all the larger medias. SmartFILER record limit is 1000       records, using a 320K or 720K disk drive you can have up to  1000 records.    Make a backup of your original SmartFILER disk or data   pack, use this backup for the Mod. Using TOOLKIT from        SmartDSK III set the offset to 43008, start with block 38    not create an  EOS  directory  so it would be harder than with  the  previous  2  cartridge  backup utilities to    separate the individual files  and  manipulate  them  using  media utilities   such  as  Uncle  Ernie's  Toolkit  or File Manager. However, Coleco Game Copy  does have  an  option to selectively file copy the games. There are no instructions with Coleco Game Copy but you should be  able to     grasp its features by experimentation and through reviewsBarry Wilson, Editor A.N.N.:It is good to see Jim Walters back and sharing his knowledge with other Adamites.Jim have been in an accident but is doing fine now.}d we can take advantage of  all the larger medias. SmartFILER record limit is 1000       records, using a 320K or 720K disk drive you can have up to  1000 records.    Make a backup of your original SmartFILER disk or data   pack, use this backup for the Mod. Using TOOLKIT from        SmartDSK III set the offset to 43008, start with block 38   x	E       Titusville, PA 16354        Phone 814-827-3776********************************SmartFILER Mod. Rev. 27D   One problem with SmartFILER is that it was designed********************************       Walters Software Co.         Rd# 4 Box 289-A       Titusville, PA 16354        Phone 814-827-3776********************************SmartFILER Mod. Rev. 27D   One problem with SmartFILER is that it was desig that this is the  best  all-round  game  copying  software    not  only  because  it is in  the  PD  and  is  readily  available  but  it    also contains utilities which  allow  you  to  control  the  files  on your    medium. There is  no  fancy  loading  screen,  just a menu which loads in 5-6  seconds after  which  you  can withdraw the disk/ddp and work entirely from    the menu. Playing  a game is an option from the menu and you  select  which  game with   the use of the arrow keys. Game Copy does and load in two blocks. Place zeros in locations (44268 -    44275), 8 zeros. Copy the two blocks back to your backup     disk and you are ready to give it a try. You must setup a    new data base inorder to utilize the new Mod. If any one would like me to modify there SmartFILER media,   send to the above address with return postage and I will     modify it for free.EDITORS PLEASE KEEP IN ORIGINAL FORMAT                    JIM WALTERS============================================================={ we  first  hit  the 50 member   mark, we have never dipped  below  that  figure. Our highest ever membership   count was 63 and we  curently  have 4 women in our group and 6 being the       highest figure. We  are  still contacted by non-members via Telegames and I    believe  there  are hundreds more in the UK who still don't know about our     group.ghest ever membership count was 63x	E3:26 Oct-21-1991TO: ALL                 FROM: Barry Wilson         6    SUBJ: St.Louis BBS        While the St.Louis BBS is temporarily down you can BOTH contact StTHE FOLLOWING IS FROM THE ADAM X CHANGE BBS, GEO. K SYSOP,   (216) 883-9355.A1029 23:26 Oct-21-1991TO: ALL                 FROM: Barry Wilson         6    SUBJ: St.Louis BBS        While the St.Louis BBS is temporarily down you can BOTH contact straight ASCII with no dropped characters, while you have to put in extra pauses between characters and lines on A-NETs.  The solution, I guess, is just to type very very slowly...I am expecting flames from the A-NETters shortly, so if I don't survive, it was nice Press any keyknowing you all...  Regards, Rich Drushel #36 Press any keyA1031 15:16 Oct-22-1991TO: all                 FROM: Richard F. Drushel   36   SUBJ: SB1.x patch program Any of you out there with the First Printinon as it gives me contact to ZOnker & Pat etc. wiothOUT ld charges as I just call my local Fidonet and they do the cross country transferring etc. ............ I sent Herman info on Fidon ets in Cleveland area code and hopefully he can find one to handle this echo als ................ If this works it will be adamites into FREE contact with Press any keyadamites across the country. I have saent Dean, Mel, etc lists of fidonets in their ares to try to get on this. .......... RON there wehat upgrade, send me a disk *AND* your warranty registration card (from the warranty page of the manual) if you haven't already sent it.  I will post the program in source version on the A-NET ECHO as well for ASCII capture, but you can get it XMODEM here if you want.  Regards, Rich Drushel #36 .  Regards, Rich Drushel #36 Press any keyA1031 15:16 Oct-22-1991TO: all                 FROM: Richard F. Drushel   36   SUBJ: SB1.x patch program Any of you out there with the First Printinng characters...no knock on Herman, but it's just because an A-NET BBS in SmartBASIC sometimes can't loop through the read serial port/echo back character routine fast enough to catch all the characters if you type too fast (which for me means more than about 2 Press any keycharacters per second or so).  This BBS is completely in machine code, so its read serial port/echo back character loop is cycling through many more times per second.  That's why youcan upload here at 2400 baud even St.Louis Adamites (Duffy Al Fitzx. Brry Wilson0 at the Grand Illusion (314)434-7260. You want to go to Message base 16 which is the NAtl.ADAM ECHO (This is the 2nd part of the BOTH) You can also tap into the CHO ECHO and reach ZOnker, Pat Herrington, Lani Brito, ALlen Keltner, etv. As FIDONET picks up this Press any keylocal St.Louis NAT ADAM ECHO and forwards it to several other Fidonet board ................ After the St.Louis ANET BBS goes back up I will still be on the Gran Illusig of SmartBASIC 1.x should get the short patch program needed to correct the bugs in the MIB2 serial routines.  When I get home to my ADAM, I will upload the file here to EOS1.  Basically it is a bunch of POKEs which add a corrected routine to replace the original (which did not work).  The file must be named Press any keyHELLO1.x in order to run every time you boot SB1.x.  It is too difficult and dangerous to attempt to patch the binary file permanently; but if any of you would like tre some listed in ARKRON.  You just call the Fidonets that are tool toll free, ask if they will carry the Nato Adam Echo. Tell them it is on the fidonet backbone and that the TAG is ADAM. .......... Thats all I did here in St.Louis Best from Barry uch Keep in Touch Press any keyA1030 15:16 Oct-22-1991TO: Barry Wilson        FROM: Richard F. Drushel   36   SUBJ: Dropped Characters  Dear Barry, I call Trading Post local all the time, and can *never* type as fast as I want without losix	Eead     ready. We have SEVERAL BOARDS, TESTED,and ready to ship.  The cost of these  boards are $50.  If you desire cables.they are EXTRA.  The boards I am speaking YES!   YES!   YES !   THE MAN  DID  SAY ORPHANWARE.The new ORPHANWARE/EVE Standard Serial boards that Herman    Mason & Geo. Koczwara  promised you are finally ready.   They have  SEVERAL BOARDS, TESTED, and ready to ship.  The   cost of these  boardy Wilson, Editor ANN}(Now another comment on the Orphanware Serial boards as down loaded from the Trading Post BBS)by none other than Rob Friedman).#-DATE:753-Tue Oct 22 1991 11:44 PMSUBJ. :NEW SERIAL BOARDS! [REPLY]TO    :HERMAN L MASON JR. (HERMAN)FROM  :ROB FRIEDMAN (ROB FRIEDMAN)ORIGIN:TRADING POST [CLEVELAND OH]PHONE :(216)/791-4022Now!! that's what I call continuing a  tradition! Being th   proud owner of several OBS Products..I <and a good  part of  those who are on CIS> know the qualityerial port.  IF INTERESTED, contact:  Herman Mason Jr. Trading Post BBS (216)/791-4022 or VOICE (216)/231-8813 (after 7PM)                 OR  George Koczwara (GK) ADAM eXchange BBS (216)/883-9355  Thanks for your support in ADVANCE. {EDITOR'S NOTE:  Herman and Geo. have worked on much of my   Adam hardware and were able to salvage much of it from a     lightning strike,  so I am a believer in their skill and     ability and highly recommend anything hardware-wise they     work on.      Barrought I would try and make a larger user dictionary, no such luck.  After 650 words I was still told there was no more memory.    In the process of trying to make a more useful user dictionary, (being somewhat more selective in the words I used), I discovered I could load more then one dictionary into memory.  I now have five user dictionaries containing about 3,000 words and they can all be loaded and used at the same time.     You make your user dictionaries using different words for each  and give them of the OBS items.     Plus.. they  are  <or should be> considered the  standard!   They and Eve used the SAME  port configurations, as well as   the drives being the <or should be>  considered the standard. Herman, Hope  all take advantage of the re-issue   of Serial ports. <I've got BJ's #2 board  that he made.      Guess it still works..   since I'm using it right now to     work my  modem!! eliever in their skill and     ability and highly recommend anything hardware-wise they     work on.      Barrs are $50.  If you desire cables they    are EXTRA.  The boards they am speaking of, are the IDENTICAL BOARDS,    that BJ was selling.  AS MANY OF YOU MAY KNOW, GEO. KOCZWARA & HERMAN MASON have   been permitted, to CONTINUE, the Orphanware line, WITH BJ's BLESSINGS, HELP, SKILL & KNOWLEDGE , THUS,  the boards  they  are offering were done  from BJ's ORIGIONAL PRINTS,    and from  the SAME MANUFACTURER,that he used, and HE lead    them by the  hand on HOW to  assemble them, so in SHORT, you got a  BJ sFrom the 463 ADAM newsletter 12/91¯Getting more out of¯¯ SpeedyWrite Spell¯by Jerry Vrancks     This article is intended for those of you that have SpeedyWrite II, SW Spell and a 256k expander.     As you know SpeedyWrite Spell is a small 10,000 word spell checker and it's very short on commonly used plural and past tense words.  It does have an option whereby you can make a user dictionary, but it will only hold 650 to 700 words, that's not to much more help.  After I purchased a 256k expander I thy Wilson, Editor ANN}(Now another comment on the Orphanware Serial boards as down loaded from the Trading Post BBS)by none other than Rob Friedman).#-DATE:753-Tue Oct 22 1991 11:44 PMSUBJ. :NEW SERIAL BOARDS! [REPLY]TO    :HERMAN L MASON JR. (HERMAN)FROM  :ROB FRIEDMAN (ROB FRIEDMAN)ORIGIN:TRADING POST [CLEVELAND OH]PHONE :(216)/791-4022Now!! that's what I call continuing a  tradition! Being th   proud owner of several OBS Products..I <and a good  part of  those who are on CIS> know the quality different file names.  When you want to use the dictionaries you load them one at a time per SW Spell's instructions.  Each time you are ask if you want to keep the old words you press "Y".  All the words loaded with previous dictionaries are then kept in memory and used by SW Spell.  I'm not sure how many dictionaries can be loaded and still leave enough room in the RAM to load a decent size text file.  I do know that with a 64k board you can't put to many more then 900 words in.¯WISH LIST¯by Jerry Vrrts to see what is going on in the different parts of the continent.  Second, I like to see what each editor deems important to their club.  Many clubs have 'specialties'; IEAUG is a CP/M stonghold, ADAM-Link of Utah's ADAM Informant is big on telecommunications, SLAUG has general news like 463 ADAM, MOAUG is in a class by itself covering every aspect of ADAM.The third thing I look at is the layout of the newsletter.  Some use graphics extensively, some use none.  Some are reduced to fit as much informatiFrom the 463 ADAM newsletter 12/91CORRESPONDENCEby Dean RoadesWhen writing to ADAM newsletters, suppliers, or just about anyone, PLEASE put your address in the letter.  Putting your return address on the envelope may not be enough.  I recently received an order for an ASG from someone I spoke with on the phone.  He sent in a money order with a note.  The mail was heavy that day so I was opening the letters and throwing the envelopes away.  I did not realize there was no address on the letter AFTER I h use of graphics and typestyle has made MTAG Express very appealing and easy on the eyes. GREAT JOB NEIL!  Keep up the great work.‏Neil's opening statement says it all for all newsletter editors "Well, here it is, my first attempt at an MTAG newsletter.  It was a lot more work than I thought it would be, but of course I expected that. (How's that for an oxymoron.)"  It sounds like he has already lost his mind, a prerequisite for newsletter editors.‏me use none.  Some are reduced to fit as much informatiFrom the 463 ADAM newsletter 12/91NEWSLETTERSby Dean RoadesWe trade with just about every other newsletter in the ADAM community.  They are alway available at the meetings, but there is seldom time to read them.  We are working on a way to make them more available to our members.I enjoy seeing these newsletter for a couple of reasons.  One, not everything they publish gets into the ANN disks.  Usually it's local news like this that would be of little interest to other clubs.  I like to read these paancks - 463 ADAM     I would like to see a 256k version of SpeedyWrite Spell developed with a much larger dictionary.  Or modify the present 64k version so it would recognize a 256k expander letting us make a much larger user dictionary.  The present 64k version would be much more useful if the suggest words and synonyms were removed and this memory used for more dictionary words.n all be loaded and used at the same time.     You make your user dictionaries using different words for each  and give themon in as possible, others are a little spread out for easier reading.  A couple are laser-printed, most are done on a DMP.  Some have detailed covers, some have simple covers or none at all.  All the newsletters reflect their club and their editor.  All are well done but once in a while a newsletter deserves special recognition.  The Sept/Oct issue of MTAG's newsletter is one.  Neil Wick has taken over as editor and has done a terrific job.  He has reinstituted the original name to "MTAG Express".  Neil'sad taken the garbage out!  Now I have to wait for him to write again, very upset he did not get the product he ordered.  Do yourself a favor, make sure your address is on the letter.  (Including a SASE will also give you a better chance of a quick response.)ههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههˆˆˆˆˆˆ|ے€؟     ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے‏€€€€€€€€ؤdTLDDؤ        à      ہàً€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€`    (0        &&00000!!a```ءà„„ؤؤؤجèh€€€€€€€€xˆ€€€ˆp         عڑ©@tha€€€€€€€€|گ         ےےü@@@@ےے€€€€€€€€€€€€`@@@@Dّ        @@@@@@@@€€€€@ €@    €€€€€€€€ّDDxPHئ        `کˆکdًHHHD0HHH0طh@@`°HHp@ہ @@pHHL`کˆکdًHHHD €€€€€€€€ّD@p@Dّ        €€€€€€€€        ےےےے@@ےےƒءa")!Œئ¾€²²³ƒyد>6ءƒü0ہDs0$-ھ¬XP @€ےےےہ€€€€€€€€ّDDx@@ہ        ےےےےےے  !!!çccئئئŒŒŒ$'ccccCa08ژڈ`ہےےے‏€€€€€€€€|گ                 ًًً €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€`    (0               ?ےےےےّ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€|گ         $$|$D†ّDDDDDّ$$|$D†ىTTDDDآ  ` (0<D0ˆً`کˆکd0     طh@@`8Dx@<`کˆکdpگگhبHH8p€€€€€€€€ˆˆˆˆˆˆ|        €€€€€€€€ّD@p@Dّ        ےےü@@@@@@@1ّ   @ہ@ےےےے  à؟  ےے‏€€€€€€€€ّDDDDDّ        @@@@@@@@ !à8|œژ	
p  ‏I€@@@ہ	9-LŒ   p0 @@€€€€€€€€        ّDDDDDّ0HHH0ًHHHD     p   ذ¨¨¨„`کˆکd @@XdXD8Dx@<  ` (0  p   `کˆکd€€€€€€€€        €€€€€€€€îîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîî        8$ p   0HHH00HHH0  p   `@@pHHً`کˆکd0     0     „¨¨¨ذ  ` (0pگگh0HHH0„¨¨¨ذ €€€€€€€€xج8جx     ؟€ےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےےے‏ے€€€€€€€€îîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîî...uk A   MACHINE LANGUAGE TUTORIAL pt 1 By Sol Swift, Modified by K.A. Marnernovbas..uk A   TIPS FOR THE NOVICE SMART BSAIC USER - Variables and assigning values By K.A. Marnerscholdazuk A   SCHOOL DAZE from Wizard's Lair Software Reviewed by K.A. Marnerrobothf.uk A   ROBO THIEF from Steve Pitman Software Reviewed by K.A. Marnercartbac.uk A   CARTRIDGE BACKUP PROGRAMS COMPARED By K.A. MarnerSMARTFILER H   James Walters    SmartFiler modification.ADAM_X_CHA H   Messages from the ADAM X Change BBS.îîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîî...uk A   MACHINE LANGUAGE TUTORIAL pt 1 By Sol Swift, Modified by K.A. Marnernovbas..uk A   TIPS FOR THE NOVICE SMART BSAIC USER - Variables and assigning values By K.A. Marnerscholdazuk A   SCHOOL DAZE from Wizard's Lair Software Reviewed by K.A. Marnerrobothf.uk A   ROBO THIEF from Steve Pitman Software Reviewed by K.A. Marnercartbac.uk A   CARTRIDGE BACKUP PROGRAMS COMPARED By K.A. MarnerSMARTFILER H   James Walters    SmartFiler modification.ADAM_X_CHA H   Messages from the ADAM X Change BBS.9112ANN-2IEAUG_FORM A   Tom Keene   Text format programs in CP/M.TINKERING WITH TDOS by James Poulinbegintdos1 A   Part 1begintdos2 A   Part 2begintdos3 A   Part 3begintdos4 A   Part 4MAGIC_WORD H   Say the MAGIC WORD and connect to fidonet.history.uk A   HISTORY OF UKAS By K.A. Marneropend...uk A   The FIFTH UKAS OPEN DAYcnd47...uk A   NIAD PUBLIC DOMAIN CP/M VOLUME CNDV 47A By K.A. Marnermipro...uk A   MICRO INNOVATIONS by K.A. Marnerlogotip.uk A   SMART LOGO TIPS Pt 2 By K.A. MarnerbasicîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîSERIAL     H   Orphanware serial boards are again available.LETTERS    A   Dean Roades    Tips for quick response to you inquiries.NEWSLTRS   A   Dean Roades    A look at some ADAM newslettersFOOTBALL       A 10k PowerPaint screen. to fidonet.history.uk A   HISTORY OF UKAS By K.A. Marneropend...uk A   The FIFTH UKAS OPEN DAYcnd47...uk A   NIAD PUBLIC DOMAIN CP/M VOLUME CNDV 47A By K.A. Marnermipro...uk A   MICRO INNOVATIONS by K.A. Marnerlogotip.uk A   SMART LOGO TIPS Pt 2 By K.A. Marnerbasicîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîîهههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههههه